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Author |
McDonnell, S.M.; Haviland, J.C.S. |
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Title |
Agonistic ethogram of the equid bachelor band |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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43 |
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3 |
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147-188 |
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Equid; Horse; Bachelor; Agonistic; Social behavior; Ethogram |
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An ethogram of agonistic and related behaviors among equid bachelor band members was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. A bachelor band of domestic pony stallions pastured together was observed for approximately 50 daylight hours to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior, enable photographic and video documentation of behaviors, and identify any behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory. An initial draft of the ethogram was sent to 65 equine researchers for review. Twenty-eight critical reviews were received and their suggestions considered for the final draft. A total of 49 elemental behaviors including five distinct vocalizations was included in the ethogram. Three complex behavioral sequences were also included. Most of the behaviors catalogued from the direct observation of pastured pony stallions were also found in the equid literature. For many, references to these behaviors specifically among males or bachelor band members were not found. The results offer a practical tool for quantitative research and other studies of equid inter-male behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior, and should facilitate progress toward development of a complete ethogram for the horse and other equids. |
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refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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749 |
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Author |
Houston, A.I.; McNamara, J.M. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game |
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1988 |
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Evolutionary Ecology |
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Evol. Ecol. |
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2 |
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1 |
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51-64 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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750 |
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Author |
Chase, I.D. |
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Title |
Music notation: a new method for visualizing social interaction in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Frontiers in zoology |
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Front Zool |
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3 |
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18 |
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Researchers have developed a variety of techniques for the visual presentation of quantitative data. These techniques can help to reveal trends and regularities that would be difficult to see if the data were left in raw form. Such techniques can be of great help in exploratory data analysis, making apparent the organization of data sets, developing new hypotheses, and in selecting effects to be tested by statistical analysis. Researchers studying social interaction in groups of animals and humans, however, have few tools to present their raw data visually, and it can be especially difficult to perceive patterns in these data. In this paper I introduce a new graphical method for the visual display of interaction records in human and animal groups, and I illustrate this method using data taken on chickens forming dominance hierarchies. RESULTS: This new method presents data in a way that can help researchers immediately to see patterns and connections in long, detailed records of interaction. I show a variety of ways in which this new technique can be used: (1) to explore trends in the formation of both group social structures and individual relationships; (2) to compare interaction records across groups of real animals and between real animals and computer-simulated animal interactions; (3) to search for and discover new types of small-scale interaction sequences; and (4) to examine how interaction patterns in larger groups might emerge from those in component subgroups. In addition, I discuss how this method can be modified and extended for visualizing a variety of different kinds of social interaction in both humans and animals. CONCLUSION: This method can help researchers develop new insights into the structure and organization of social interaction. Such insights can make it easier for researchers to explain behavioural processes, to select aspects of data for statistical analysis, to design further studies, and to formulate appropriate mathematical models and computer simulations. |
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Department of Sociology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4345, USA. ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu |
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1742-9994 |
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PMID:17112384 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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751 |
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Author |
Devenport, J.A.; Patterson, M.R.; Devenport, L.D. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Dynamic averaging and foraging decisions in horses (Equus callabus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Journal of Comparative psychology |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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119 |
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3 |
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352-358 |
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Animals; *Decision Making; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; *Memory, Short-Term; Motivation; Orientation; *Social Environment |
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The variability of most environments taxes foraging decisions by increasing the uncertainty of the information available. One solution to the problem is to use dynamic averaging, as do some granivores and carnivores. Arguably, the same strategy could be useful for grazing herbivores, even though their food renews and is more homogeneously distributed. Horses (Equus callabus) were given choices between variable patches after short or long delays. When patch information was current, horses returned to the patch that was recently best, whereas those without current information matched choices to the long-term average values of the patches. These results demonstrate that a grazing species uses dynamic averaging and indicate that, like granivores and carnivores, they can use temporal weighting to optimize foraging decisions. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Central Oklahoma, 73034, USA. jdevenport@ucok.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:16131264 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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752 |
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Author |
Eccles, T.R.; Shackleton, D.M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Correlates and consequences of social status in female bighorn sheep |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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34 |
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5 |
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1392-1401 |
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Dominance-subordinance relationships among a captive group of adule bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) were studied from May 1977 to December 1978. Social interactions between females were brief in duration and infrequent. Although a dominance hierarchy was evident among the females, it was not linear. Horn length and body weight were not consistently correlated with social status. The highest ranking females were the most aggressive individuals, initiating more agonistic interactions than subordinates. Females with high social status did not have higher quality diets, lower activity costs, or higher productivity than low ranking females. |
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753 |
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Author |
Fournier, F.; Festa-Bianchet, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social dominance in adult female mountain goats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
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6 |
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1449-1459 |
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The social behaviour of adult female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus, was studied for 2 years in an unhunted population in west-central Alberta, Canada. Compared with other female ungulates, mountain goat females interacted aggressively much more frequently and their dominance ranks were less stable in time and less age-related. Goats were organized in a non-linear but non-random dominance hierarchy, with many reversals in rank. The best morphological predictor of dominance rank was horn length one year and body mass in the following year. Age was a weaker predictor of dominance status than what has been reported for other female ungulates. The ranks of individual goats changed between years and dominance rank one year was not a good predictor of rank the following year. These results suggest that linearity may only be possible when a contested resource can be defended. Dominant female goats did not forage more efficiently than subordinate goats, and dominant status did not affect the amount of time devoted to alert behaviour. |
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754 |
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Author |
Rutberg, A.T.; Greenberg, S.A. |
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Title |
Dominance, aggression frequencies and modes of aggressive competition in feral pony mares |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
322-331 |
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Feral pony mares, Equus caballus, at Assateague Island, Maryland, formed linear dominance hierarchies within bands. Generally, older mares dominated younger mares, and larger mares dominated smaller mares. Large mares initiated aggression more often than small mares when age was controlled for but, surprisingly, older mares initiated aggression less often than younger mares when size was controlled for. Thus, mares peak in aggressiveness fairly soon after achieving full size and then, while maintaining or improving their rank in the domainance hierarchy, progressively reduce their involvement in aggression as they grow older, Involvement in aggression per mare increased as number of mares in the group increased; this effect was independent of nearest-mare distances. Frequency of involvement in aggression did not differ between mares that had changed bands within the year and mares whose band association had continued for a year or more. Aggression was directed more frequently than expected at subordinate mares who were nursing, and also occurred more frequently than expected at water holes. The proportion of aggressive encounters during grazing closely matched the total proportion of time spent grazing. Subordinate mares with foals received aggression more often than subordinate mares without foals. The high frequency of aggression associated with foals and nursing suggests that interference with reproduction of subordiantes is an important mode of competition between mares. Such interference may be common in animals that feed on dispersed resources and live in small, cohesive groups. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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755 |
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Bannikov, A.G. |
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The Asiatic Wild Ass: neglected relative of the horse |
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1971 |
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Animals |
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Animals |
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13 |
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580-585 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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756 |
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Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Sexual coercion in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
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5 |
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1345-1365 |
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In a wide range of animal species, males coerce females to mate with them, either by physically forcing them to mate, by harassing them until they mate or by punishing persistent refusal to mate. The first section of this paper argues that the possibility of forced copulation can generate arms races between males and females that may have substantial costs to both sexes. In the second section, it is suggested that sexual harassment commonly represents a `war of attrition' between the sexes; existing game theory models that may apply to sexual conflict over mating decisions are reviewed. The third section develops a simple prospective model for the evolution of intimidation by punishment in situations where males can raise the probability that females will accept their advances in future by punishing them for refusal to mate. Where the benefits of sexual coercion to males are high, all three male strategies may develop to a point where they have substantial costs to females. In the final section, evidence that female behaviour is adapted to minimizing these costs is reviewed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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757 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Winner and loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies |
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1997 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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8 |
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6 |
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583-587 |
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In the literature on dominance hierarchies, “winner” and “loser” effects usually are denned as an increased probability of winning at time T, bated on victories at time T-l, T-2, etc, and an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at T-1, T-2, etc., respectively. Despite some early theoretical work on winner and loser effects, these factors and how they affect the structure of dominance hierarchies have not been examined in detail. I developed a computer simulation to examine winner and loser effects when such effects are independent of one another (as well as when they interact) and when combatants assess each other's resource-holding power. When winner effects alone were important, a hierarchy in which all individuals held an unambiguous rank was found. When only loser effects were important, a dear alpha individual always emerged, but the rank of others in the group was often unclear because of the scarcity of aggressive interactions. Increasing winner effects for a given value of the loser effect increase the number of individuals with unambiguous positions in a hierarchy and the converse is true for increasing the value of the loser effect for a given winner effect Although winner and loser effects have been documented in a number of species, no study has documented both winner and loser effects (using some controlled, pairwise testing system) and the detailed nature of behavioral interactions when individuals are in groups. I hope the results of this model will spur such studies in the future. |
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10.1093/beheco/8.6.583 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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759 |
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