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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
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Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
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Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385119 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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Author |
Gilbert, B.K.; Hailman, J.P. |
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Title |
Uncertainty of leadership-rank in fallow deer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
209 |
Issue |
5027 |
Pages |
1041-1042 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Leadership; Pregnancy |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:5927524 |
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no |
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2057 |
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Author |
Crook, J.H. |
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Title |
On attributing consciousness to animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
303 |
Issue |
5912 |
Pages |
11-14 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Consciousness; Evolution; Learning |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:6843653 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2795 |
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Author |
Heschl, A.; Burkart, J. |
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Title |
A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
187-198 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Callithrix/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Female; Male; Photic Stimulation; *Self Concept |
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Abstract |
For 30 years Gallup's (Science 167:86-87, 1970) mark test, which consists of confronting a mirror-experienced test animal with its own previously altered mirror image, usually a color mark on forehead, eyebrow or ear, has delivered valuable results about the distribution of visual self-recognition in non-human primates. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans and, less frequently, gorillas can learn to correctly understand the reflection of their body in a mirror. However, the standard version of the mark test is good only for positively proving the existence of self-recognition. Conclusive statements about the lack of self-recognition are more difficult because of the methodological constraints of the test. This situation has led to a persistent controversy about the power of Gallup's original technique. We devised a new variant of the test which permits more unequivocal decisions about both the presence and absence of self-recognition. This new procedure was tested with marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), following extensive training with mirror-related tasks to facilitate performance in the standard mark test. The results show that a slightly altered mark test with a new marking substance (chocolate cream) can help to reliably discriminate between true negative results, indicating a real lack of ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, from false negative results that are due to methodological particularities of the standard test. Finally, an evolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to why many primates can use a mirror instrumentally – i.e. know how to use it for grasping at hidden objects – while failing in the decisive mark test. |
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Address |
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, 3422, Altenberg, Austria. adolf.heschl@uni-graz.at |
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0032-8332 |
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PMID:16432640 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2810 |
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Author |
Lee, C.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Kreiner, D.S. |
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Title |
Personality in domestic cats |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Rep |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-29 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*psychology; Humans; *Personality |
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Abstract |
Personality ratings of 196 cats were made by their owners using a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 1: not at all and 5: a great deal with 12 items: timid, friendly, curious, sociable, obedient, clever, protective, active, independent, aggressive, bad-tempered, and emotional. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three intepretable components. Component I had high loadings by active, clever, curious, and sociable. Component II had high loadings by emotional, friendly, and protective, Component III by aggressive and bad-tempered, and Component IV by timid. Sex was not associated with any component, but age showed a weak negative correlation with Component I. Older animals were rated less social and curious than younger animals. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, 1111 Lovinger, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA |
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0033-2941 |
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Notes |
PMID:17450998 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4103 |
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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
Are out primate cousins 'conscious'? |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
284 |
Issue |
5423 |
Pages |
2073-2076 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus; *Consciousness; Empathy; Humans; Instinct; Intelligence; Learning; *Mental Processes; Pan troglodytes; *Primates |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:10409060 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2843 |
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Author |
Williams, N. |
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Title |
Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition |
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Year |
1997 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
275 |
Issue |
5296 |
Pages |
29-30 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Birds; *Cognition; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Memory; Reward; *Social Sciences |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:8999531 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2845 |
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Author |
Galdikas, B.M. |
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Title |
Orangutan tool use |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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243 |
Issue |
4888 |
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152 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Hominidae; Humans; *Pongo pygmaeus |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:2911726 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2847 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
How animals do business |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
292 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
54-61 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attitude; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus; Cooperative Behavior; *Economics; Emotions; Fishes; Food; Humans; Pan troglodytes; Papio; Social Behavior |
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Emory University, USA |
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0036-8733 |
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Notes |
PMID:15915815 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
166 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Boesch, C. |
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Title |
The cultures of chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
284 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-67 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Culture; Feeding Behavior; Grooming; Hominidae; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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University of St. Andrews |
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0036-8733 |
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Notes |
PMID:11132425 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
740 |
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