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Author |
Beveridge, W.I. |
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Title |
Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus |
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1993 |
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History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hist Philos Life Sci |
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15 |
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1 |
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23-32 |
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Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/microbiology/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history |
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For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus. |
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English |
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0391-9714 |
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PMID:8310117 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2667 |
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McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A. |
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Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful |
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1993 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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71 |
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4 |
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1071-1074 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2933 |
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Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
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Title |
Imitation, culture and cognition |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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5 |
Pages |
999-1010 |
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Abstract. This paper examines the significance of imitation in non-human animals with respect to the phylogenetic origins of culture and cognitive complexity. It is argued that both imitation (learning about behaviour through nonspecific observation) and social learning (learning about the environment through conspecific observation) can mediate social transmission of information, and that neither is likely to play an important role in supporting behavioural traditions or culture. Current evidence suggests that imitation is unlikely to do this because it does not insulate information from modification through individual learning in the retention period between acquisition and re-transmission. Although insignificant in relation to culture, imitation apparently involves complex and little-understood cognitive operations. It is unique in requiring animals spontaneously to equate extrinsic visual input with proprioceptive and/or kinaesthetic feedback from their own actions, but not in requiring or implicating self-consciousness, representation, metarepresentation or a capacity for goal-directed action. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2920 |
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Author |
Mitchell R |
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Title |
Mental models of mirror self-recognition: two theories |
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1993 |
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New Ideas Psychol. |
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11 |
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211 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3019 |
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Author |
Nagell K; Olguin RS; Tomasello M |
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Processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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174 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3021 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ |
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Title |
Reconstructing the evolution of mind |
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Year |
1993 |
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Am. Psychol. |
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48(5) |
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493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3027 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Rulf AB; Landau KR; Bierschwale DT |
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Title |
Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3033 |
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Author |
Russon AE; Galdikas BMF |
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Title |
Imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Year |
1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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147 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3036 |
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Author |
Tomasello M; Savage-Rumbaugh S; Kruger AC |
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Title |
Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees |
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1993 |
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Child Dev. |
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64 |
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1688 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3044 |
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Poletaeva, I.I.; Popova, N.V.; Romanova, L.G. |
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Title |
Genetic aspects of animal reasoning |
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1993 |
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Behavior Genetics |
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23 |
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467-475 |
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This paper reviews the investigations of Prof. L. V. Krushinsky and his colleagues into the genetics of complex behaviors in mammals. The ability of animals to extrapolate the direction of a food stimulus movement was investigated in wild and domesticated foxes (including different fur-color mutants), wild brown rats, and laboratory rats and mice. Wild animals (raised in the laboratory) were shown to be superior to their respective domesticated forms on performance of the extrapolation task, especially in their scores for the first presentation, in which no previous experience could be used. Laboratory rats and mice demonstrated a low level of extrapolation performance. This means that only a few laboratory animals were capable of solving the task, i.e., the percentage of correct solutions was equivalent to chance. The brain weight selection program resulted in two mice strains with a 20% (90-mg) difference in brain weight. Ability to solve the extrapolation task was present in low-brain weight mice in generations 7-11 but declined with further selection. Investigation of extrapolation ability in mice with different chromosomal anomalies demonstrated that animals with Robertsonian translocations Rb(8,17) 1lem and Rb(8,17) 6Sic were capable of solving this task in a statistically significant majority of cases, while mice with fusion of other chromosomes, as well as CBA normal karyotype mice, performed no better than expected by chance. Mice with two types of partial trisomies and animals homo- and heterozygous for translocations were also tested. Although mice with T6 trisomy performed no better than expected by chance, animals with trisomy for a chromosome 17 fragment solved the task successfully. Thus, a genetic component underlying the ability to solve the extrapolation task was demonstrated in three animal species. The extrapolation task in animals is considered to reveal a general capacity for elementary reasoning. The genetic basis of this capacity is very complex. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3089 |
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