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Author Ryder, O.A. url  openurl
  Title Przewalski's horse – putting the wild horse back in the wild Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal Oryx  
  Volume 22 Issue Pages 154-157  
  Keywords Equidae genetics.  
  Abstract The Asian wild horse, or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), is believed to currently survive only in captivity. There are more than 660 individuals in over 70 zoological collections, and animals are available for reintroduction. The Przewalski's horse had been bred in captivity for 12 generations, and inbreeding has occurred. Genetic variability has been lost, and released animals will require acclimatization on or near release sites. In China, a program is under way for acclimatization, breeding, and release of wild horses, and plans are being made for a similar program in Mongolia. (LCA)  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1537  
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Author Ryder, O.A.; Massena, R. doi  openurl
  Title A case of male infanticide in Equus przewalskii Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 187-190  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Following the introduction of a new stallion to a band of E. przewalskii mares two births, both of male foals, resulted in foal death due to injuries sustained in the first day of life. Neither foal was sired by the new herd stallion. The second foal death was the results of an observed attack on the newborn male and is described here. Subsequently births in the same enclosure and, in one instance, to the same mare whose previous foal was killed, were of foals sired by the new stallion and were uneventful, with 3 male foals surviving to date.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1539  
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Author Schilder, M.B.H. doi  openurl
  Title Dominance relationships between adult Plains zebra stallions in semi – captivity Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 104 Issue 3-4 Pages 300-319  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The relationships between 4-5 adult zebra stallions, living in a safari park, were investigated over a period of 5 years. Asymmetries in the distributions of a number of behaviours could be explained by adopting dominance as an intervening variable. Dominance in stallions was of a bipolar nature with on the one hand behaviours representing subordinance and defence, and on the other hand behaviours reinforcing and confirming dominance. Expression of formal dominance seems to play a minor role. The dyadic relationships of stallions differed as to the number of behaviours reflecting dominance relationships. Although often linear rank-orders could be constructed, these rank-orders were not necessarily identical. This means that the concept of dominance is of only limited value for describing relationships between zebra stallions.  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1564  
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Author Smielowski, J. openurl 
  Title Breeding of the Grevy's Zebra at Polish zoological gardens Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal Przeglad Zool  
  Volume 32 Issue Pages 595-597  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1608  
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Author Smuts, M.M.S.; Penzhorn, B. L. openurl 
  Title Descriptions of antomical differences between skulls and mandibles of Equus zebra and E. burchelli from southern Africa Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication South African Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal South African Journal of Zoology  
  Volume 23 Issue (4)3 Pages 328-336  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1617  
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Author Thackeray, J.F. openurl 
  Title Zebras from wonderwerk cave, northern Cape province, South Africa: attempts to distinguish Equus burchelli and E. quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication South African journal of science Abbreviated Journal Suid- Afrikaanse Tydsskrif vir Wetenskap  
  Volume 84 Issue Pages 99-101  
  Keywords Cape Province; Teeth; Statistical analysis; Equidae; Hippomorpha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Perissodactyla; Mammalia; Vertebrata  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0038-2353 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1644  
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Author Westlin-van Aarde, L.M.; van Aarde, R. J.; Skinner, J. D. doi  openurl
  Title Reproduction in female Hartmann's zebra Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abbreviated Journal J Reprod Fert  
  Volume 84 Issue Pages 505-511  
  Keywords zebra; reproduction; ovaries; seasonality; progesterone  
  Abstract Ovaries, fetuses and plasma were collected from zebra mares shot in the Etosha National Park in Namibia between 15 and 25 August 1983. Ovarian weight was affected by reproductive status and most of the non-pregnant mares were anoestrous. The number of follicles varied between individuals and only pro-oestrous/oestrous mares had follicles larger than 20 mm in diameter. The largest follicle in pregnant mares was only 9 mm in diameter. Corpora lutea and corpora albicantia were found in non-pregnant as well as pregnant mares: 4 pregnant mares had only corpora albicantia. The presence of secondary corpora lutea could not be confirmed in any of the pregnant mares. Implantation was estimated to occur at around 73 days of gestation, and most mares (84%) had conceived between November and April. Peripheral concentrations of plasma progesterone during pregnancy varied from 0·5 to 2·4 ng/ml.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1705  
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Author Boyd, L.E.; Carbonaro, D.A.; Houpt, K.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 5-17  
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  Abstract A herd of 8 Przewalski horses were observed on pasture in summer. Fifteen-minute focal animal samples were used to determine the time budget of the horses during the periods 00.00-04.00, 04.00-08.00, 08.00-12.00, 12.00-16.00, 16.00-20.00 and 20.00-24.00 h EDT. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (grazing and eating grain), nursing, drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting, playing, and lying laterally and sternally. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Overall, the horses spent 46.4 +/- 5.9% of their time feeding, 1.3 +/- 0.1% nursing, 0.5 +/- 0.1% drinking, 20.6 +/- 5.4% standing, 15.7 +/- 3.2% stand-resting, 1.7 +/- 0.2% self-grooming, 2.2 +/- 0.7% mutual grooming, 7.4 +/- 1.0% locomoting, 1.2 +/- 0.3% playing, 1.2 +/- 0.5% lying laterally and 4.1 +/- 3.0% lying sternally. The horses averaged 45.2 +/- 5.8 behavioral states per hour, and 0.2 +/- 0.0 defecations, 0.3 +/- 0.0 urinations, 1.5 +/- 0.3 aggressions and 0.7 +/- 0.1 vocalizations per hour. The horses spent the greatest amount of time foraging between 20.00 and 04.00 h, when the temperatures were lower. They spent 68.2 +/- 2.2% of their time between 20.00 and 24.00 h feeding, but only 31.2 +/- 2.1% of their time feeding between 08.00 and 12.00 h. Recumbent rest was most common between 00.00 and 04.00 h. As temperatures rose during the daylight hours, the horses spent more time drinking and standing, rather than grazing. Stand-resting was the most common form of rest during the day. The horses exhibited the greatest number of activities per hour from 08.00 to 20.00 h. While standing in close proximity to one another during these hours, the horses exhibited the highest number of aggressions per hour (1.9-2.4).  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1805  
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Author Boyd, L.E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Ontogeny of behavior in Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 41-69  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Twelve colts and 12 fillies were observed during their first 2 years of life. Data on the foal's nearest neighbor, distance to dam and stallion, and time budget were compiled by age. The birth of one foal was witnessed. During their first month of life, Przewalski foals were dependent on the dam. She provided most of their nourishment and foals spent 54% of their time within 1 m of her. The biggest change in behavior of foals occurred between Months 1 and 2. The amount of time spent resting and nursing declined, while the amount of time spent foraging increased sharply. Foals began to leave their mothers and interact with peers by 3 weeks of age, and at 2 months they were interacting with older herd members. By 5 months of age, the amount of time spent in most behaviors was identical to that of adults, except that vocalization rates and involvement in aggression were lower than for adults. Juveniles spent less time stand-resting than adults throughout their first year, but more time in recumbent rest. Foals spent far less time with their sire than with their dam. However, an orphaned foal spent more time with his sire than did mothered foals, indicating that the sire assumed part of the role of the missing dam.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2018  
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Author Levin, L.E.; Grillet, M.E. openurl 
  Title [Diversified leadership: a social solution of problems in schools of fish] Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Acta Cientifica Venezolana Abbreviated Journal Acta Cient Venez  
  Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 175-180  
  Keywords Animals; Fishes; *Leadership; Reversal Learning/*physiology; *Social Behavior  
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  Language Spanish Summary Language Original Title Liderazgo diversificado: una solucion social de problemas en el cardumen  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0001-5504 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:3251383 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2045  
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