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Author |
Palm, A.-K.E.; Wattle, O.; Lundström, T.; Wattrang, E. |
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Title |
Secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in horse saliva |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication  |
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Immunol. Immunolpathol. |
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180 |
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59-65 |
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Equine; Secretory IgA; IgG; Saliva; Mucosal immunity |
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This study aimed to increase the knowledge on salivary antibodies in the horse since these constitute an important part of the immune defence of the oral cavity. For that purpose assays to detect horse immunoglobulin A (IgA) including secretory IgA (SIgA) were set up and the molecular weights of different components of the horse IgA system were estimated. Moreover, samples from 51 clinically healthy horses were tested for total SIgA and IgG amounts in saliva and relative IgG3/5 (IgG(T)) and IgG4/7 (IgGb) content were tested in serum and saliva. Results showed a mean concentration of 74μg SIgA/ml horse saliva and that there was a large inter-individual variation in salivary SIgA concentration. For total IgG the mean concentration was approx. 5 times lower than that of SIgA, i.e. 20μg IgG/ml saliva and the inter-individual variation was lower than that observed for SIgA. The saliva-serum ratio for IgG isotypes IgG3/5 and IgG4/7 was also assessed in the sampled horses and this analysis showed that the saliva-serum ratio of IgG4/7 was in general approximately 4 times higher than that of IgG3/5. The large inter-individual variation in salivary SIgA levels observed for the normal healthy horses in the present study emphasises the need for a large number of observations when studying this parameter especially in a clinical setting. Moreover, our results also indicated that some of the salivary IgG does not originate from serum but may be produced locally. Thus, these results provide novel insight, and a base for further research, into salivary antibody responses of horses. |
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0165-2427 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6514 |
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Author |
Hothersall, B.; Nicol, C. |
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Title |
Role of Diet and Feeding in Normal and Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice |
Abbreviated Journal |
Clinical Nutrition |
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25 |
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1 |
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167-181 |
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Equine behavior; Diet; Crib-biting; Stereotypy; Weaning; Tryptophan; Insulin |
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This article reviews the effects of diet on equine feeding behavior and feeding patterns, before considering the evidence that diet affects reactivity in horses. A growing body of work suggests that fat- and fiber-based diets may result in calmer patterns of behavior, and possible mechanisms that may underpin these effects are discussed. In contrast, there is little evidence that herbal- or tryptophan-containing supplements influence equine behavior in any measurable way. The role of diet in the development of abnormal oral behaviors, particularly the oral stereotypy crib-biting, is also reviewed, and suggestions for future work are presented. |
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0749-0739 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4945 |
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Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Spadavecchia, L.; Mosing, M.; Auer, U.; van den Hoven, R. |
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Effects of butorphanol on the withdrawal reflex using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Anaesth Analg |
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34 |
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1 |
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48-58 |
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Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Butorphanol/*pharmacology; Consciousness; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Pain/veterinary; Pain Threshold/*drug effects; Reflex/*drug effects |
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a single intravenous dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses. STUDY DESIGN: 'Unblinded', prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten adult horses, five geldings and five mares, mean body mass 517 kg (range 487-569 kg). METHODS: The NWR was elicited using single transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palmar digital nerve. Repeated stimulations were applied to evoke temporal summation. Surface electromyography was performed to record and quantify the responses of the common digital extensor muscle to stimulation and behavioural reactions were scored. Before butorphanol administration and at fixed time points up to 2 hours after injection, baseline threshold intensities for NWR and temporal summation were defined and single suprathreshold stimulations applied. Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance on ranks and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used with the Student-Newman-Keul's method applied post-hoc. The level of significance (alpha) was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Butorphanol did not modify either the thresholds for NWR and temporal summation or the reaction scores, but the difference between suprathreshold and threshold reflex amplitudes was reduced when single stimulation was applied. Upon repeated stimulation after butorphanol administration, a significant decrease in the relative amplitude was calculated for both the 30-80 and the 80-200 millisecond intervals after each stimulus, and for the whole post-stimulation interval in the right thoracic limb. In the left thoracic limb a decrease in the relative amplitude was found only in the 30-80 millisecond epoch. CONCLUSION: Butorphanol at 0.1 mg kg(-1) has no direct action on spinal Adelta nociceptive activity but may have some supraspinal effects that reduce the gain of the nociceptive system. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Butorphanol has minimal effect on sharp immediate Adelta-mediated pain but may alter spinal processing and decrease the delayed sensations of pain. |
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Anesthesiology Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. claudia.spadavecchia@veths.no |
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1467-2987 |
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PMID:17238962 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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92 |
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Makarov, V.V.; Bakulov, I.A. |
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[Zoopathogenic arboviruses, their systematics and ecology] |
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1975 |
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Veterinariia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Veterinariia |
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11 |
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39-41 |
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Animals; Arboviruses/*classification/pathogenicity; Cattle; Deer; Ecology; Horses; Insect Vectors; Sheep; Swine; Turkeys; Viruses/*classification/pathogenicity |
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Russian |
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Zoopatogennye arbovirusy--sistematika i ekologiia |
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0042-4846 |
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PMID:814685 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2703 |
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Luescher, U.A.; McKeown, D.B.; Halip, J. |
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Reviewing the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders in horses |
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1991 |
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Vet. Med. |
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86 |
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527-530 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 17; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4526 |
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Wolski, K. |
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Equine behaviour, patterns, types, and causes |
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1984 |
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Vet Technician |
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5 |
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250-258 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 3; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4550 |
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Archer M, |
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Preliminary studies on the palatability of grasses, legumes and herbs to horses |
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1971 |
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Vet Rec |
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Vet Rec |
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89 |
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236-240 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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898 |
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Ward, M.P.; Ramsay, B.H.; Gallo, K. |
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Rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index |
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2005 |
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Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis |
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5 |
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2 |
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181-188 |
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Animals; Biomass; Cluster Analysis; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Ecology; *Geographic Information Systems; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses; Indiana/epidemiology; Plants; Population Surveillance; Rural Health; Seasons; Topography, Medical/*methods; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/*veterinary |
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Data from an outbreak (August to October, 2002) of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalomyelitis in a population of horses located in northern Indiana was scanned for clusters in time and space. One significant (p = 0.04) cluster of case premises was detected, occurring between September 4 and 10 in the south-west part of the study area (85.70 degrees N, 45.50 degrees W). It included 10 case premises (3.67 case premises expected) within a radius of 2264 m. Image data were acquired by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor onboard a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellite. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from visible and near-infrared data of daily observations, which were composited to produce a weekly-1km(2) resolution raster image product. During the epidemic, a significant (p < 0.01) decrease (0.025 per week) in estimated NDVI was observed at all case and control premise sites. The median estimated NDVI (0.659) for case premises within the cluster identified was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than the median estimated NDVI for other case (0.571) and control (0.596) premises during the same period. The difference in median estimated NDVI for case premises within this cluster, compared to cases not included in this cluster, was greatest (5.3% and 5.1%, respectively) at 1 and 5 weeks preceding occurrence of the cluster. The NDVI may be useful for identifying foci of WNV transmission. |
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Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. mward@cvm.tamu.edu |
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1530-3667 |
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PMID:16011435 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2627 |
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Author |
Bailey, D |
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Title |
Dominance Hierarchies in Horses: Comparing and Contrasting Different Methods for Assessing Hierarchies |
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2016 |
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Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado |
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5 |
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3 |
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Understanding animal social structures is imperative when it comes to the care, housing and handling of large herd animals. Knowing how hierarchies are structured, along with environmental and physiological aspects that may affect them, will allow owners and breeders to house and care for their animals. The aim of my study was to better understand two methods used to assess dominance hierarchies in horses, Equus caballus, and to predict which method would be more useful for owners housing domestic horses. I designed an experiment where I compared a structured method, the paired feeding test, with behavioral observations from the horses’ natural setting. I hypothesized that the structured method would not conclude the same dominance hierarchy as the natural observations. I also hypothesized that traits of the horses, such as size or age, would correlate with the hierarchy ranking within a herd. A herd of six individual horses from a small ranch east of Platteville, Colorado was used to test the two methods. I found that the two methods measured different hierarchies. The paired feeding test showed no correlations to any of the physical measurements, as well as did not provide a hierarchy that was similar to the natural dominance observations of the horses. Natural observations established a more linear hierarchy and had significant correlations with weight and overall body size. The results indicate that the paired feeding test may not be a valid method for establishing dominance hierarchies within domestic horses housed in a small range.
I recommend use of natural observations over paired feeding tests for ranchers, breeders or owners trying to understand the dominance hierarchies among their herds. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6204 |
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Author |
Berger, J |
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Wild horses of the Great Basin |
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1986 |
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University of Chicago Press, |
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Univ. of Chic. Press |
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wildlife equine behaviour ecology |
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Describes the behavior of wild horses living in the Great Basin Desert of Nevada and discusses the role of the horses in the area's ecology |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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refbase @ user @ |
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