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	Author	Bloom, P.
	Title	Behavior. Can a dog learn a word?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	304	Issue	5677	Pages	1605-1606
	Keywords	Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Humans; Learning; Memory; Vocabulary
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15192205			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	28
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	Author	Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P.
	Title	Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	56	Issue	1	Pages	97-104
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Female; Generalization, Stimulus; Horses/psychology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Size Perception
	Abstract	Using horses, we investigated three aspects of the stimulus control of lever-pressing behavior: stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift. Nine solid black circles, ranging in size from 0.5 in. to 4.5 in. (1.3 cm to 11.4 cm) served as stimuli. Each horse was shaped, using successive approximations, to press a rat lever with its lip in the presence of a positive stimulus, the 2.5-in. (6.4-cm) circle. Shaping proceeded quickly and was comparable to that of other laboratory organisms. After responding was maintained on a variable-interval 30-s schedule, stimulus generalization gradients were collected from 2 horses prior to discrimination training. During discrimination training, grain followed lever presses in the presence of a positive stimulus (a 2.5-in circle) and never followed lever presses in the presence of a negative stimulus (a 1.5-in. [3.8-cm] circle). Three horses met a criterion of zero responses to the negative stimulus in fewer than 15 sessions. Horses given stimulus generalization testing prior to discrimination training produced symmetrical gradients; horses given discrimination training prior to generalization testing produced asymmetrical gradients. The peak of these gradients shifted away from the negative stimulus. These results are consistent with discrimination, stimulus generalization, and peak-shift phenomena observed in other organisms.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens 45701
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1940765			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1764
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	Author	Rapin, V.; Poncet, P.A.; Burger, D.; Mermod, C.; Richard, M.A.
	Title	[Measurement of the attention time in the horse]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	149	Issue	2	Pages	77-83
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Attention/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Memory/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	A study carried out on 49 horses showed that it is possible to measure the attention time by operant conditioning. After teaching horses an instrumental task using a signal, we were then able to test their attention time by asking them to prolong it increasingly while setting success and failure criteria. Two tests were performed 3 weeks apart. The 2nd test was feasible without relearning, a proof of memory, and was repeatable, a proof of consistency in the attention time. A significant difference was observed between the 3 age groups. Young horses often performed very well during the 1st test but their attention dropped in the 2nd test while older horses were more stable with respect to attention and even increased it slightly. The study shows that there are individual differences but it was not possible to prove a significant influence of breed, gender and paternal influence. Consequently, learning appears to be one of the most interesting approaches for evaluating the attention of horses and for observing their behaviour.
	Address	Laboratoire d'Ecoethologie, Universite de Neuchatel, Suisse. veronique.rapin@unine.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	Mesure de la duree d'attention chez le cheval
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17343134			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1770
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	Author	Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Vincent, C.J.; Derrington, A.M.
	Title	Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	4	Pages	438-448
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Color Perception; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Horses; Photoreceptors, Vertebrate/*physiology
	Abstract	Six horses (Equus caballus) were trained to discriminate color from grays in a counterbalanced sequence in which lightness cues were irrelevant. Subsequently, the pretrained colors were presented in a different sequence. Two sets of novel colors paired with novel grays were also tested. Performance was just as good in these transfer tests. Once the horse had learned to select the chromatic from the achromatic stimulus, regardless of the specific color, they were immediately able to apply this rule to novel stimuli. In terms of the underlying visual mechanisms, the present study showed for the first time that the spectral sensitivity of horse cone photopigments, measured as cone excitation ratios, was correlated with color discrimination performance, measured as accuracy, repeated errors, and latency of approach.
	Address	School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17115866			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1780
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	Author	Christensen, J.W.; Rundgren, M.; Olsson, K.
	Title	Training methods for horses: habituation to a frightening stimulus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	439-443
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology); Fear; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses/physiology/psychology; Learning; Male; Random Allocation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Safety; Time Factors
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Responses of horses in frightening situations are important for both equine and human safety. Considerable scientific interest has been shown in development of reactivity tests, but little effort has been dedicated to the development of appropriate training methods for reducing fearfulness. OBJECTIVES: To investigate which of 3 different training methods (habituation, desensitisation and counter-conditioning) was most effective in teaching horses to react calmly in a potentially frightening situation. HYPOTHESES: 1) Horses are able to generalise about the test stimulus such that, once familiar with the test stimulus in one situation, it appears less frightening and elicits a reduced response even when the stimulus intensity is increased or the stimulus is presented differently; and 2) alternative methods such as desensitisation and counter-conditioning would be more efficient than a classic habituation approach. METHODS: Twenty-seven naive 2-year-old Danish Warmblood stallions were trained according to 3 different methods, based on classical learning theory: 1) horses (n = 9) were exposed to the full stimulus (a moving, white nylon bag, 1.2 x 0.75 m) in 5 daily training sessions until they met a predefined habituation criterion (habituation); 2) horses (n = 9) were introduced gradually to the stimulus and habituated to each step before the full stimulus was applied (desensitisation); 3) horses (n = 9) were trained to associate the stimulus with a positive reward before being exposed to the full stimulus (counter-conditioning). Each horse received 5 training sessions of 3 min per day. Heart rate and behavioural responses were recorded. RESULTS: Horses trained with the desensitisation method showed fewer flight responses in total and needed fewer training sessions to learn to react calmly to test stimuli. Variations in heart rate persisted even when behavioural responses had ceased. In addition, all horses on the desensitisation method eventually habituated to the test stimulus whereas some horses on the other methods did not. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Desensitisation appeared to be the most effective training method for horses in frightening situations. Further research is needed in order to investigate the role of positive reinforcement, such as offering food, in the training of horses.
	Address	Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Tjele, Denmark
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16986605			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1783
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	Author	Hausberger, M.; Bruderer, C.; Le Scolan, N.; Pierre, J.-S.
	Title	*Interplay between environmental and genetic factors in temperament/personality traits in horses (Equus caballus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	118	Issue	4	Pages	434-446
	Keywords	Affect; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Environment; Female; Horses/psychology; Learning; Male; Memory/physiology
	Abstract	The aim of the present study was to broach the question of the relative influence of different genetic and environmental factors on different temperament/personality traits of horses (Equus caballus). The researchers submitted 702 horses to standardized experimental tests and investigated 9 factors, either genetic or environmental. Genetic factors, such as sire or breed, seemed to influence more neophobic reactions, whereas environmental factors, such as the type of work, seemed to play a more dominant role in reactions to social separation or learning abilities. Additive effects were evident, showing how environmental factors may modulate behavioral traits. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the relative weights of genetic factors and how the environment may intervene in determining individual behavioral characteristics.
	Address	Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes, France. Martine.Hausberger@univ-rennes1.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15584780			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1897
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	Author	Levin, L.E.; Grillet, M.E.
	Title	[Diversified leadership: a social solution of problems in schools of fish]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Acta Cientifica Venezolana	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Cient Venez
	Volume	39	Issue	2	Pages	175-180
	Keywords	Animals; Fishes; Leadership; Reversal Learning/physiology; *Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Spanish	Summary Language		Original Title	Liderazgo diversificado: una solucion social de problemas en el cardumen
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-5504	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3251383			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2045
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	Author	Barnard, C.J.; Luo, N.
	Title	Acquisition of dominance status affects maze learning in mice			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	60	Issue	1	Pages	53-59
	Keywords	Social status; Learning; Radial maze; Mouse
	Abstract	Learning is likely to be costly and thus subject to trade-off with other components of life history. An obvious prediction, therefore, is that investment in learning, and thus learning performance, will vary with individual life history strategy and the reproductive value of the learning outcome. We tested this idea in the context of social dominance in male laboratory mice, using a simple radial maze paradigm to compare the ability of high- and low-ranking male mice to track changing food location. We tested animals in randomly selected pairs before and after establishing aggressive rank relationships to distinguish intrinsic differences in learning ability from those attributable to acquiring high or low rank. There was no difference in learning between later dominants and subordinates prior to establishing rank relationships. After pairing, however, dominants showed a significantly greater percentage of correct responses, with the difference being greatest earlier in a sequence of trials. The percentage of correct responses also increased with the amount of aggression initiated during pairing. The results thus appeared to reflect a state-dependent change in learning associated with the aggressive social relationships formed during pairing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2075
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	Author	Whiten, A.
	Title	Social complexity and social intelligence			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Novartis Foundation Symposium	Abbreviated Journal	Novartis Found Symp
	Volume	233	Issue		Pages	185-96; discussion 196-201
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Humans; Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems
	Abstract	When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation.
	Address	School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1528-2511	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11276903			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2084
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	Author	Cambefort, J.P.
	Title	A comparative study of culturally transmitted patterns of feeding habits in the chacma baboon Papio ursinus and the vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	36	Issue	3-4	Pages	243-263
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus aethiops; Culture; Feeding Behavior; Female; Group Structure; Learning; Male; Papio; Social Class; Teaching
	Abstract	Japanese workers have studied social acquisition patterns of new feeding habits in Macaca fuscata which they have termed precultural. The present study investigates the same phenomenon in the chacma baboon and the vervet monkey in their natural habitat. The questions addressed are: (1) How a new feeding habit enters a troop and by which age and sex category, also how it is propagated? (2) When individuals are permitted with a choice between palatable and unpalatable food, can they learn by demonstration only or do they have to pass through a direct learning process? (3) Can the results from the above questions be explained by social parameters such as the social structure of the individual species? It was found that juvenile baboons discover new food and that after the discovery propagation is instantaneous. In vervets discovery is random among the age classes and propagation is slow and takes place through certain 'pivot' individuals. Both species fail to learn about palatability by demonstration but have to go through a direct learning process. This contrasts strongly with the forest baboon Mandrillus sphinx that have been shown to learn by demonstration. Socially, baboon juveniles stay closer to each other than the adults who force them to live at the periphery of the troop. Vervets again forage without precise sub-group formation. The link between social and cultural propagation and social structure is discussed on the basis of these findings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7319426			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2087
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