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	Author	Ralston, S.L.
	Title	Controls of feeding in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	59	Issue	5	Pages	1354-1361
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animals; Digestive Physiology; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Food Preferences; Horses/physiology; Oropharynx/physiology; Satiation/physiology; Smell; Taste
	Abstract	Members of the genus Equus are large, nonruminant herbivores. These animals utilize the products of both enzymatic digestion in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation (volatile fatty acids) in the cecum and large colon as sources of metabolizable energy. Equine animals rely primarily upon oropharyngeal and external stimuli to control the size and duration of an isolated meal. Meal frequency, however, is regulated by stimuli generated by the presence and (or) absorption of nutrients (sugars, fatty acids, protein) in both the large and small intestine plus metabolic cues reflecting body energy stores. The control of feeding in this species reflects its evolutionary development in an environment which selected for consumption of small, frequent meals of a variety of forages.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6392275			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1954
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	Author	Tobin, T.; Combie, J.D.
	Title	Performance testing in horses: a review of the role of simple behavioral models in the design of performance experiments			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics	Abbreviated Journal	J Vet Pharmacol Ther
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	105-118
	Keywords	Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Apomorphine/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fentanyl/pharmacology; Horses/physiology; Methylphenidate/pharmacology; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity/drug effects
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0140-7783	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6125601			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1957
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	Author	Klingel, H.
	Title	Social organization of feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	89-95
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
	Abstract	The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6962906			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1958
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	Author	van Niekerk, H.P.
	Title	Ethological studies within the man-horse relationship			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	Abbreviated Journal	J S Afr Vet Assoc
	Volume	51	Issue	4	Pages	237-238
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hearing; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Smell; Taste; Touch; Vision
	Abstract	Certain aspects of ethology and the horse's senses are discussed to bring about a better understanding between man and horse. Furthermore the behaviour of horses with respect to housing, feeding, breeding, veterinary treatment and work are considered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1019-9128	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7241494			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1960
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	Author	Feist, J.D.; McCullough, D.R.
	Title	Reproduction in feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	13-18
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Female; Horses/physiology; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance; Sucking Behavior
	Abstract	A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1060766			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1964
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	Author	Lynch, J.J.; Fregin, G.F.; Mackie, J.B.; Monroe, R.R.J.
	Title	Heart rate changes in the horse to human contact			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Psychophysiology	Abbreviated Journal	Psychophysiology
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	472-478
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Heart Rate; Horses/physiology; Humans; Social Behavior; Touch
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-5772	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4852234			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1965
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	Author	Selby, L.A.; Marienfeld, C.J.; Pierce, J.O.
	Title	The effects of trace elements on human and animal health			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1970	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	157	Issue	11	Pages	1800-1808
	Keywords	Anemia, Hypochromic/veterinary; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Artiodactyla/physiology; Chemistry; Cobalt/analysis/metabolism; Copper/analysis/metabolism; Deficiency Diseases/veterinary; Dogs/physiology; Ecology; Horses/physiology; Humans; Iodine/analysis/metabolism; Iron/analysis/metabolism; Manganese/analysis/metabolism; Nutritional Requirements; Selenium/metabolism; Trace Elements/metabolism; Zinc/analysis/metabolism
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4922190			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2733
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	Author	Bell, F.R.
	Title	Sleep in the larger domesticated animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Proc R Soc Med
	Volume	65	Issue	2	Pages	176-177
	Keywords	Animals; Cattle/physiology; Dreams; Electroencephalography; Goats/physiology; Horses/physiology; Posture; Sheep/physiology; *Sleep; Sleep, REM
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0035-9157	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4343589			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2826
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	Author	Dutto, D.J.; Hoyt, D.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Cogger, E.A.; Wickler, S.J.
	Title	Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	207	Issue	Pt 4	Pages	667-674
	Keywords	Animals; Biomechanics; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/*physiology
	Abstract	The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution to the total work by four joints of the hind limb were determined for a jump. It was hypothesized that the hip and ankle joints would have extensor moments performing positive work, while the knee would have a flexor moment and perform negative work during the jump. Ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematics were simultaneously recorded during each jumping trial. Joint moment, power and work were determined for the metatarsophalangeal (MP), tarsal (ankle), tibiofemoral (knee) and coxofemoral (hip) joints. The hip, knee and ankle all flexed and then extended and the MP extended and then flexed during ground contact. Consistent with our hypothesis, large extensor moments were observed at the hip and ankle joints and large flexor moments at the knee and MP joints throughout ground contact of the hind limb. Peak moments tended to occur earlier in stance in the proximal joints but peak power generation of the hind limb joints occurred at similar times except for the MP joint, with the hip and ankle peaking first followed by the MP joint. During the first portion of ground contact (approximately 40%), the net result of the joint powers was the absorption of power. During the remainder of the contact period, the hind limb generated power. This pattern of power absorption followed by power generation paralleled the power profiles of the hip, ankle and MP joints. The total work performed by one hind limb was 0.71 J kg(-1). Surprisingly, the knee produced 85% of the work (0.60 J kg(-1)) done by the hind limb, and the positive work performed by the knee occurred during the first 40% of the take-off. There is little net work generated by the other three joints over the entire take-off. Velocity of the tuber coxae (a landmark on the pelvis of the animal) was negative (downward) during the first 40% of stance, which perhaps reflects the negative work performed to decrease the potential energy during the first 40% of contact. During the final 60% of contact, the hip, ankle and MP joints generate positive work, which is reflected in the increase of the animal's potential energy.
	Address	Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA. ddutto@csupomona.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14718509			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3654
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	Author	Witte, T.H.; Knill, K.; Wilson, A.M.
	Title	Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	207	Issue	Pt 21	Pages	3639-3648
	Keywords	Acceleration; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; Gait; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Telemetry; Time Factors
	Abstract	Measurement of peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFz) from multiple limbs simultaneously during high-speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding of the locomotor mechanics of cursorial animals. Here, we evaluate the accuracy of predicting peak GRFz from duty factor (the proportion of the stride for which the limb is in contact with the ground). Foot-mounted uniaxial accelerometers, combined with UHF FM telemetry, are shown to be practical and accurate for the field measurement of stride timing variables, including duty factor. Direct comparison with the force plate produces a mean error of 2.3 ms and 3.5 ms for the timing of foot on and foot off, respectively, across all gaits. Predictions of peak GRFz from duty factor show mean errors (with positive values indicating an overestimate) of 0.8+/-0.04 N kg(-1) (13%; N=42; mean +/- S.E.M.) at walk, -0.3+/-0.06 N kg(-1) (3%; N=75) at trot, -2.3+/-0.27 N kg(-1) (16%; N=18) for the non-lead limb at canter and +2.1+/-0.7 N kg(-1) (19%; N=9) for the lead limb at canter. The substantial over- and underestimate seen at canter, in the lead and non-lead limbs, respectively, is attributed to the different functions performed by the two limbs in the asymmetrical gaits. The difference in load experienced by the lead and non-lead limbs decreased with increasing speed.
	Address	Structure and Motion Lab, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15371472			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3658
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