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Hothersall, B.; Nicol, C. |
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Title |
Role of Diet and Feeding in Normal and Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice |
Abbreviated Journal |
Clinical Nutrition |
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Volume  |
25 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
167-181 |
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Equine behavior; Diet; Crib-biting; Stereotypy; Weaning; Tryptophan; Insulin |
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Abstract |
This article reviews the effects of diet on equine feeding behavior and feeding patterns, before considering the evidence that diet affects reactivity in horses. A growing body of work suggests that fat- and fiber-based diets may result in calmer patterns of behavior, and possible mechanisms that may underpin these effects are discussed. In contrast, there is little evidence that herbal- or tryptophan-containing supplements influence equine behavior in any measurable way. The role of diet in the development of abnormal oral behaviors, particularly the oral stereotypy crib-biting, is also reviewed, and suggestions for future work are presented. |
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0749-0739 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4945 |
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Verrill, S.; McDonnell, S. |
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Title |
Equal Outcomes with and without Human-to-Horse Eye Contact When Catching Horses and Ponies in an Open Pasture |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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28 |
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5 |
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309-312 |
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Horse handling; Horse management; Eye contact; Interspecies interactions; Equine behavior |
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Each of 104 horses and ponies was approached for catching at pasture by the same human handler in a standard manner, either maintaining human-to-animal eye contact (EC+; n = 51) or avoiding eye contact (EC-; n = 53). A subset of 74 of these subjects were reevaluated 3 weeks later under similar standard conditions except with the eye contact condition opposite to that used in the first round. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate between subjects (round 1, n = 104) and within subjects (rounds 1 and 2, n = 74) comparisons of successful or unsuccessful catching outcome with EC+ and EC-. Catching outcomes were similar with eye contact condition. Although this study represents a single handler at one study site, results suggest that human-to-horse eye contact may not be an important influence on catching pastured horses. Certainly, further work is needed to better understand the role of eye contact in horse handling. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4711 |
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Hutchinson, G.W.; Abba, S.A.; Mfitilodze, M.W. |
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Title |
Seasonal translation of equine strongyle infective larvae to herbage in tropical Australia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Veterinary Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Parasitol |
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33 |
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3-4 |
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251-263 |
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Animals; Feces/*parasitology; Horses; Queensland; Seasons; Strongyle Infections, Equine/*parasitology; Strongyloidea/growth & development/*physiology; Strongylus/growth & development/*physiology; Tropical Climate |
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Longevity in faeces, migration to and survival on herbage of mixed strongyle infective larvae (approximately 70% cyathostomes: 30% large strongyles) from experimentally deposited horse faeces was studied in the dry tropical region of North Queensland for up to 2 years. Larvae were recovered from faeces deposited during hot dry weather for a maximum of 12 weeks, up to 32 weeks in cool conditions, but less than 8 weeks in hot wet summer. Translation to herbage was mainly limited to the hot wet season (December-March), except when unseasonal winter rainfall of 40-50 mm per month in July and August allowed some additional migration. Survival on pasture was estimated at 2-4 weeks in the summer wet season and 8-12 weeks in the autumn-winter dry season (April-August). Hot dry spring weather (pre-wet season) was the most unfavourable for larval development, migration and survival. Peak counts of up to 60,000 larvae kg-1 dry herbage were recorded. The seasonal nature of pasture contamination allowed the development of rational anthelmintic control programs based on larval ecology. |
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Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia |
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0304-4017 |
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PMID:2815535 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2672 |
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Author |
Hampson, B.A.; Zabek, M.A.; Pollitt, C.C.; Nock, B. |
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Title |
Health and behaviour consequences of feral horse relocation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
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Rangel. J. |
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33 |
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2 |
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173-180 |
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equine, GPS, movement, range. |
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Despite ongoing projects involving the breeding and release of equids into semi-wild and wild environments, insufficient information is available in the literature that describes strategies used by equids to adapt and survive in a novel environment. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of naïve, feral Equus caballus (horse) mares to cope in a novel feral horse environment and investigate possible reasons why some may not survive this challenge. Four mares taken from a semi-arid desert environment remained in good health but significantly changed their movement behaviour pattern when surrounded by prime grazing habitat in a mesic temperate grassland. Three of the four mares captured from the prime grazing habitat and released in the semi-arid desert habitat died, apparently due to stress and/or starvation, within 8 weeks of release. The fourth mare survived 4 months but lost considerable weight.The group of mares relocated to the semi-arid desert environment had difficulty adapting to relocation and did not take up the movement behaviour strategy of local horses, which required long distance treks from a central water hole to distant feeding areas at least 15 km away. The movement behaviour, range use and health consequences of relocating equids may be of interest to wildlife ecologists, animal behaviourists and horse welfare groups. The observations may be used to guide those intending on relocating managed domestic and native horses to novel habitats. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6210 |
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Author |
Sabattini, M.S.; Monath, T.P.; Mitchell, C.J.; Daffner, J.F.; Bowen, G.S.; Pauli, R.; Contigiani, M.S. |
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Title |
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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34 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
937-944 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology; Arboviruses; Argentina; Birds; Cattle; Child; Climate; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology/microbiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans |
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This is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in Argentina. Epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the Pampa and Espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. Both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. A number of isolations of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were reported between 1936 and 1958 in Argentina, but the validity of these findings has been seriously questioned. Nevertheless, serological evidence exists for human infections with a member of the VEE virus complex. Serological surveys conducted in the 1960s indicate a high prevalence of infection of humans and domestic animals with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and 2 SLE virus strains have been isolated from rodents. Human disease, however, has rarely been associated with SLE infection. Only 7 isolations of other arboviruses have been described (3 of Maguari, 1 of Aura, 2 of Una, and 1 of an untyped Bunyamwera group virus). In 1977, we began longitudinal field studies in Santa Fe Province, the epicenter of previous equine epizootics, and in 1980 we extended these studies to Chaco and Corrientes provinces. The study sites are described in this paper. |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4037184 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2685 |
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de Oliveira, K.; Soutello, R.V.G.; da Fonseca, R.; Costa, C.; de L. Meirelles, P.R.; Fachiolli, D.F.; Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Gymnastic Training and Dynamic Mobilization Exercises Improve Stride Quality and Increase Epaxial Muscle Size in Therapy Horses |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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35 |
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11 |
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888-893 |
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Equine; Hippotherapy; Therapeutic exercise; Dynamic mobilization exercise; Physical training; Three-dimensional movement |
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The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of gymnastic training (GYM) and dynamic mobilization exercises (DMEs) on stride length (SL) and epaxial muscle size in therapy horses. Nine cross-bred hippotherapy horses that performed three, 25-minute therapeutic riding sessions per week throughout the study period were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: a control group in which the horses were sedentary with no additional physical activity; a group that performed DMEs; and a group that performed both DMEs and additional GYM including pelvic tilting, backing, turning in small circles, and walking over a raised rail to strengthen the abdominal and pelvic stabilizer muscles. The exercises were performed 3Â days per week for 3Â months, with evaluations at the start and end of the study. Stride quality was assessed by measuring SL and tracking distance (TD). Epaxial muscle size was monitored by ultrasonographic measurement of m. longissimus dorsi (LD) thickness and m. multifidi (MM) cross-sectional area. Paired t tests were used to compare within groups across time, and between groups were detected using analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test. When walking at 1.3Â m/s, SL and TD at walk increased significantly (P < .05) in horses subjected to GYM. Thickness of LD did not change in any group, but cross-sectional area of MM increased significantly by 3.55Â cm2 (DME) and 3.78Â cm2 (GYM). It was concluded that GYM training improved stride quality and DME-stimulated MM hypertrophy which has been shown to improve intervertebral joint stability in other species. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6593 |
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Hardy, J.L. |
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The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
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Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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37 |
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3 Suppl |
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18s-32s |
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Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:3318522 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2677 |
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Pick, D.F.; Lovell, G.; Brown, S.; Dail, D. |
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Title |
Equine color perception revisited |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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42 |
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1 |
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61-65 |
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Equine; Color perception; Dichromat |
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An attempt to replicate Grzimek (1952; Z. Tierpsychol., 27: 330-338) is reported where a Quarter-Horse mare chose between colored and gray stimuli for food reinforcement. Stimuli varied across a broad range of reflectance values. A double-blind procedure with additional controls for auditory, olfactory, tactile, and position cues was used. The subject could reliably discriminate blue (462 nm) vs. gray, and red (700 nm) vs. gray without regard to reflectance (P<0.001), but could not discriminate green (496 nm) vs. gray. It is suggested that horses are dichromats in a manner similar to swine and cattle. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4368 |
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Passler, S.; Pfeffer, M. |
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Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and discrimination between antibodies to eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses in rabbit sera using a recombinant antigen and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health |
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50 |
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6 |
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265-269 |
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Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology; Antibodies, Viral/*analysis/blood; DNA Primers; Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*diagnosis/*virology; Epitopes; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/*veterinary; Horses; Rabbits; Recombination, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary |
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Three arthropod-borne alphaviruses, western equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV), eastern equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are the aetiological agents of a sometimes severe encephalomyelitis in equines and humans in the New World. With regard to the different ecology and epidemiology of these viruses, a method applied in serological screening should be able to distinguish between them as well as other related members of the genus Alphavirus in the American continent. However, this has been hampered in the past by (a) the close antigenic relationship between alphaviruses in traditional serological assays, especially in the routinely used haemagglutination-inhibition, and (b) the need of biosafety level 3 facilities to grow the viral antigens. An epitope blocking assay using an EEEV glycoprotein E1-expressing recombinant Sindbis virus and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding to the E1 of EEEV (strain NJ/60) and the E1 of Sindbis virus was established using automated flow cytometry. The test was evaluated using sera of infected and vaccinated rabbits. A cut-off value of 30% inhibition for antigenic complex-specific seroconversion was found to be sufficient for the detection of the respective infection. By using three different mAbs in parallel, we were able to detect alphavirus genus-, EEEV- and WEEV-complex-specific serum antibodies. As this test is based on the inhibition of binding of virus-specific mAbs, sera of every origin other than mouse can be tested. Thus, this assay may prove useful in the serological screening of a variety of animal species during an outbreak investigation. |
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Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany |
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0931-1793 |
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PMID:14628996 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2639 |
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Author |
Ogbourne, C.P. |
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Title |
Variations in the fecundity of strongylid worms of the horse |
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Journal Article |
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1971 |
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Parasitology |
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Parasitology |
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63 |
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2 |
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289-298 |
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Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ecology; Feces; Female; Horses; Larva/growth & development; Male; Ovum; Parasite Egg Count; Reproduction; Seasons; Strongyle Infections, Equine/*etiology; Strongyloides/*growth & development; Time Factors |
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0031-1820 |
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PMID:5129804 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2727 |
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