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	Author	Matzke, S.M.; Oubre, J.L.; Caranto, G.R.; Gentry, M.K.; Galbicka, G.
	Title	Behavioral and immunological effects of exogenous butyrylcholinesterase in rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Pharmacol Biochem Behav
	Volume	62	Issue	3	Pages	523-530
	Keywords	Animals; Antibody Formation/drug effects; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Butyrylcholinesterase/immunology/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; Color Perception/drug effects; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects; Discrimination Learning/drug effects; Half-Life; Horses; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male
	Abstract	Although conventional therapies prevent organophosphate (OP) lethality, laboratory animals exposed to such treatments typically display behavioral incapacitation. Pretreatment with purified exogenous human or equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BuChE), conversely, has effectively prevented OP lethality in rats and rhesus monkeys, without producing the adverse side effects associated with conventional treatments. In monkeys, however, using a commercial preparation of Eq-BuChE has been reported to incapacitate responding. In the present study, repeated administration of commercially prepared Eq-BuChE had no systematic effect on behavior in rhesus monkeys as measured by a six-item serial probe recognition task, despite 7- to 18-fold increases in baseline BuChE levels in blood. Antibody production induced by the enzyme was slight after the first injection and more pronounced following the second injection. The lack of behavioral effects, the relatively long in vivo half-life, and the previously demonstrated efficacy of BuChE as a biological scavenger for highly toxic OPs make BuChE potentially more effective than current treatment regimens for OP toxicity.
	Address	Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0091-3057	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10080246			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4064
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	Author	Kalin, N.H.; Shelton, S.E.
	Title	Nonhuman primate models to study anxiety, emotion regulation, and psychopathology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1008	Issue		Pages	189-200
	Keywords	Affect/physiology; Amygdala/blood supply; Animals; Anxiety/genetics/psychology; Brain/blood supply; Brain Stem/blood supply; Carrier Proteins/genetics; Electroencephalography; Inhibition (Psychology); Macaca mulatta; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Social Environment; Temperament; Tomography, Emission-Computed
	Abstract	This paper demonstrates that the rhesus monkey provides an excellent model to study mechanisms underlying human anxiety and fear and emotion regulation. In previous studies with rhesus monkeys, stable, brain, endocrine, and behavioral characteristics related to individual differences in anxiety were found. It was suggested that, when extreme, these features characterize an anxious endophenotype and that these findings in the monkey are particularly relevant to understanding adaptive and maladaptive anxiety responses in humans. The monkey model is also relevant to understanding the development of human psychopathology. For example, children with extremely inhibited temperament are at increased risk to develop anxiety disorders, and these children have behavioral and biological alterations that are similar to those described in the monkey anxious endophenotype. It is likely that different aspects of the anxious endophenotype are mediated by the interactions of limbic, brain stem, and cortical regions. To understand the brain mechanisms underlying adaptive anxiety responses and their physiological concomitants, a series of studies in monkeys lesioning components of the neural circuitry (amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) hypothesized to play a role are currently being performed. Initial findings suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala modulates the expression of behavioral inhibition, a key feature of the endophenotype. In preliminary FDG positron emission tomography (PET) studies, functional linkages were established between the amygdala and prefrontal cortical regions that are associated with the activation of anxiety.
	Address	Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53711, USA. nkalin@facstaff.wisc.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14998885			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4133
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	Author	Jensen, G.D.; Gordon, B.N.; Wolfheim, J.
	Title	Nursing behavior in infant monkeys: a sequence analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	55	Issue	1-2	Pages	115-127
	Keywords	Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Feeding Behavior; Female; Macaca; Male; Sensory Deprivation; Social Behavior; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1191212			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4153
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	Author	Nelson, E.E.; Shelton, S.E.; Kalin, N.H.
	Title	Individual differences in the responses of naive rhesus monkeys to snakes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Emotion (Washington, D.C.)	Abbreviated Journal	Emotion
	Volume	3	Issue	1	Pages	3-11
	Keywords	Animals; Arousal; Attention; Escape Reaction; Fear; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Individuality; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Phobic Disorders/psychology; *Snakes
	Abstract	The authors demonstrated individual differences in inhibited behavior and withdrawal responses of laboratory-born rhesus monkeys when initially exposed to a snake. Most monkeys displayed a small significant increase in their behavioral inhibition in the presence of a snake. A few monkeys had marked responses, and some actively withdrew. Although the responses of the most extreme laboratory-born monkeys were comparable to feral-born monkeys, the responses of the laboratory-born monkeys rapidly habituated. The individual differences in the responses of naive monkeys likely reflect a continuum from orienting to wariness to fear. A neurobiological model is presented that addresses potential mechanisms underlying these individual differences, their relation to fear, and how they may predispose to phobia development.
	Address	Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719-1176, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1528-3542	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12899313			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4174
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	Author	Flack, J.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C.
	Title	Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	The American Naturalist	Abbreviated Journal	Am Nat
	Volume	165	Issue	5	Pages	E126-139
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1537-5323	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15795848			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	168
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	Author	Flack, J.C.; Girvan, M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C.
	Title	Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	439	Issue	7075	Pages	426-429
	Keywords	Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/physiology/psychology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations. We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism--conflict management--has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals, significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict, we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship, emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour, social learning and cultural traditions.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16437106			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	298
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	Author	Gomez, J.-C.
	Title	Species comparative studies and cognitive development			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	118-125
	Keywords	Animals; Attention/physiology; Brain/growth & development; Child, Preschool; Cognition/physiology; Concept Formation/physiology; Dogs; Evolution; Fixation, Ocular; Gorilla gorilla; Humans; Infant; Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Mental Recall/physiology; Personal Construct Theory; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The comparative study of infant development and animal cognition brings to cognitive science the promise of insights into the nature and origins of cognitive skills. In this article, I review a recent wave of comparative studies conducted with similar methodologies and similar theoretical frameworks on how two core components of human cognition--object permanence and gaze following--develop in different species. These comparative findings call for an integration of current competing accounts of developmental change. They further suggest that evolution has produced developmental devices capable at the same time of preserving core adaptive components, and opening themselves up to further adaptive change, not only in interaction with the external environment, but also in interaction with other co-developing cognitive systems.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY15 9JU, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15737820			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2851
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	Author	Dubuc, C.; Chapais, B.
	Title	Feeding Competition in Macaca fascicularis : An Assessment of the Early Arrival Tactic			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. Primatol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	male tolerance – alternative tactics – arrival order – dominance – Macaca fascicularis
	Abstract	In primate species with unidirectional dominance relationships, rank order restricts the access of nondominant females to clumped resources. However, females might attempt to bypass the rank order by reaching feeding sites before the highest ranking individuals (early arrival tactic) when there are net benefits. We therefore analyzed the order of arrival to the feeding site of the adult members of a captive group of long-tailed macaques. We used 2 experimental conditions that differed in the spatial distribution of a fixed amount of food (large vs. small patch). Though each condition induced contest competition, it was stronger in the small-patch condition. Arrival order does not correlate with dominance rank in either experimental condition. The α-male and α-female reached the feeding site 10-30 s after the beginning of the test. Some females seized on opportunities to reach the feeding site before them, especially in the large-patch condition. They used the early arrival tactic when the risks of aggression were relatively low, which subjects accomplished either by being dominant or by being nondominant but tolerated by the α-male. Social tolerance may provide individuals with an alternative means to obtain resources. In sum, variation in food abundance and distribution may affect the extent to which rank order determines order of arrival to feeding sites. A higher rank may confer priority in the choice of tactics, but not necessarily priority of access to the resources themselves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	812
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	Author	Drapier, M.; Chauvin, C.; Thierry, B.
	Title	Tonkean macaques ( Macaca tonkeana) find food sources from cues conveyed by group-mates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	159-165
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Cognition; Feeding Behavior; Food; Macaca; Male; Smell; *Social Behavior; Visual Perception
	Abstract	It is possible that non-specialised cues transmitted by conspecifics guide animals' food search provided they have the cognitive abilities needed to read these cues. Macaques often check the mouth of their group-mates by olfactory and/or visual inspection. We investigated whether Tonkean macaques ( Macaca tonkeana) can find the location of distant food on the basis of cues conveyed by group-mates. The subjects of the study were two 6-year-old males, who belonged to a social group of Tonkean macaques raised in semi-free-ranging conditions. In a first experiment, we tested whether the subject can choose between two sites after having sniffed a partner who has just eaten food corresponding to one of the sites. We found that both subjects were able to choose the matching site significantly above the chance level. This demonstrated that Tonkean macaques are capable of delayed olfactory matching. They could associate a food location with an odour conveyed by a partner. In a second experiment, the same subjects were allowed to see their partner through a Plexiglas window. Both subjects were still able to choose the matching site, demonstrating they could rely on visual cues alone. Passive recruitment of partners appears possible in macaques. They can improve their foraging performances by finding the location of environmental resources from olfactory or visual cues conveyed by group-mates.
	Address	Equipe d'Ethologie et Ecologie Comportementale des Primates, Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energetiques, CNRS UPR 9010, 7 rue de l'Universite, 67000 Strasbourg, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12357288			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2597
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	Author	Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D.
	Title	Premise-pair training for valid tests of serial list organization in macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	97-105
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Female; Macaca/psychology; *Memory
	Abstract	This study evaluated the role of several different training procedures on (1) efficiency of acquisition and (2) organizational characteristics of memory for lists that could be serially ordered. Five macaque monkeys were trained via two-choice object discriminations in a formboard apparatus on several five-item-series tasks that provided different levels of intrasession conditionality. Although ease of acquisition differed for subsets of the constituent pairs, concurrent inclusion of the four premise pairs that defined a list required equivalent amounts of training on every task. All training procedures yielded similar retention-test performances and showed common organizational properties (on both error and latency measures) consistent with the view that lists were retained as internally represented ordered series. Test outcomes emphasized the need for integrated exposition of all concurrent conditional relationships to allow appropriate tests of serial organization. However, if given such training, the monkeys revealed integrated serial memory even though they had never seen many of the possible novel combinations of list items. In overview, their performances offered further definition of the procedures required for valid assessment of inferential properties in comparative cognition.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. rtreichl@kent.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12150042			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2602
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