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	Author	Gould, J.L.
	Title	Animal cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Current Biology : CB	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Biol
	Volume	14	Issue	10	Pages	R372-5
	Keywords	Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Concept Formation; Decision Making; Instinct; Intelligence/physiology; Learning/physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. gould@princeton.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-9822	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15186759			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4169
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	Author	Nielsen, M.; Collier-Baker, E.; Davis, J.M.; Suddendorf, T.
	Title	Imitation recognition in a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	31-36
	Keywords	Animals; Awareness; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motor Activity; Movement; Pan troglodytes/psychology; *Recognition (Psychology)
	Abstract	This study investigated the ability of a captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to recognise when he is being imitated. In the experimental condition of test 1a, an experimenter imitated the postures and behaviours of the chimpanzee as they were being displayed. In three control conditions the same experimenter exhibited (1) actions that were contingent on, but different from, the actions of the chimpanzee, (2) actions that were not contingent on, and different from, the actions of the chimpanzee, or (3) no action at all. The chimpanzee showed more “testing” sequences (i.e., systematically varying his actions while oriented to the imitating experimenter) and more repetitive behaviour when he was being imitated, than when he was not. This finding was replicated 4 months later in test 1b. When the experimenter repeated the same actions she displayed in the experimental condition of test 1a back to the chimpanzee in test 2, these actions now did not elicit those same testing sequences or repetitive behaviours. However, a live imitation condition did. Together these results provide the first evidence of imitation recognition in a nonhuman animal.
	Address	Early Cognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. nielsen@psy.uq.edu.au
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15322942			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2515
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	Author	O'Connell, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	The perception of causality in chimpanzees (Pan spp.)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	60-66
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Awareness; Concept Formation; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan spp.) were tested on a habituation/dishabituation paradigm that was originally developed to test for comprehension of causality in very young human infants. Three versions of the test were used: a food item being moved by a hand, a human pushing another human off a chair to obtain a food item, and a film clip of natural chimpanzee behaviour (capturing and eating a monkey). Chimpanzees exhibited similar results to those obtained with human infants, with significantly elevated levels of looking on the dishabituation trials. Since the level of response was significantly greater on natural/unnatural sequences than on unnatural/natural sequences, we conclude that the chimpanzees were not responding just to novelty but rather to events that infringed their sense of natural causation.
	Address	Evolutionary Psychology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15322943			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2514
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	Author	Hoy, R.
	Title	Animal awareness: The (un)binding of multisensory cues in decision making by animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	102	Issue	7	Pages	2267-2268
	Keywords	Animals; Anura/physiology; Awareness; Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Female; Male; Perception; Sensation
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 215 Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. rrh3@cornell.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15703288			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2821
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	Author	Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Contrast and the justification of effort			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	335-339
	Keywords	Awareness; Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans.
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16082815			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	223
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	Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Russell, J.L.; Freeman, H.; Hopkins, W.D.
	Title	Now you see me, now you don't: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of the eyes in attention			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	55-62
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Attention; Awareness; Female; Fixation, Ocular/physiology; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior; *Social Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees appear to understand something about the attentional states of others; in the present experiment, we investigated whether they understand that the attentional state of a human is based on eye gaze. In all, 116 adult chimpanzees were offered food by an experimenter who engaged in one of the four experimental manipulations: eyes closed, eyes open, hand over eyes, and hand over mouth. The communicative behavior of the chimpanzees was observed. More visible behaviors were produced when the experimenter's eyes were visible than when the experimenter's eyes were not visible. More vocalizations were produced when the experimenter's eyes were closed than when they were open, but there were no differences in other attention getting behaviors. There was no effect of age or rearing history. The results suggest that chimpanzees use the presence of the eyes as a cue that their visual gestures will be effective.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. abhostetter@wisc.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16847659			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2457
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	Author	Schwab, C.; Huber, L.
	Title	*Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	3	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Motivation; Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior
	Abstract	Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16893253			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4961
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	Author	Gallup, G.G.J.
	Title	Do minds exist in species other than our own?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Neurosci Biobehav Rev
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	631-641
	Keywords	Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal; Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Infant; Language; Pan troglodytes; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Species Specificity
	Abstract	An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0149-7634	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4080281			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2808
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	Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B.
	Title	The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	109	Issue	2	Pages	134-141
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7758289			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	348
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	Author	Rudy, J.W.; Iwens, J.; Best, P.J.
	Title	Pairing novel exteroceptive cues and illness reduces illness-induced taste aversions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	3	Issue	1	Pages	14-25
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; Drinking Behavior; Environment; Inhibition (Psychology); Lithium/poisoning; Male; Rats; Saccharin/pharmacology; Taste
	Abstract	Four experiments are reported that lead to the conclusion that pairing novel exteroceptive stimulation (placement into a black compartment) with a poison (lithium chloride) attenuates the development of an aversion to a taste (saccharin) subsequently paired with the poison. Such an attenuation effect occurs whether the exteroceptive cues are present or absent when the taste-poison pairing is administered. Interpretation and implications of this finding are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:845542			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2789
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