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	Author	Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C.
	Title	The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	41	Issue	5	Pages	291-309
	Keywords	ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory
	Abstract	Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained ierences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally aect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in dierent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the eects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5227
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	Author	Shultz, S.; Finlayson, L.V.
	Title	Large body and small brain and group sizes are associated with predator preferences for mammalian prey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	21	Issue	5	Pages	1073-1079
	Keywords
	Abstract	Predation is a major force in shaping biological communities, both over ecological and evolutionary timescales. In response to predation pressure, prey have evolved characteristics designed to mitigate predation pressure. We evaluated predator foraging biases in relation to prey characteristics across 16 vertebrate communities. We show that although predator biases vary, some prey traits are consistently associated with predator diet composition. Within their acceptable prey size range, predators show positive bias toward larger bodied prey, small-brained prey (controlling for body size), small group size, and terrestriality. Thus, whether predator foraging decisions are passive or active, predator choice exerts differential pressure on prey species according to prey characteristics. Predator biases also were positively associated with early age at maturity, supporting the role of mortality in driving life-history characteristics. These results support several theoretical models of predation including its role as a selective force driving evolutionary changes in life history, brain size and sociality, optimal diet theory, and antiapostatic predation.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/arq108			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5262
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Cognitive ecology: field or label?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	161
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address	Depts of Psychology and Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10717686			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	373
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	Author	Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	416-423
	Keywords
	Abstract	We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/6.4.416			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	447
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	Author	Cant, M.A.; Field, J.
	Title	Helping effort in a dominance hierarchy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	16	Issue	4	Pages	708-715
	Keywords
	Abstract	In many cooperatively breeding species, group members form a dominance hierarchy or queue to inherit the position of breeder. Models aimed at understanding individual variation in helping behavior, however, rarely take into account the effect of dominance rank on expected future reproductive success and thus the potential direct fitness costs of helping. Here we develop a kin-selection model of helping behavior in multimember groups in which only the highest ranking individual breeds. Each group member can invest in the dominant's offspring at a cost to its own survivorship. The model predicts that lower ranked subordinates, who have a smaller probability of inheriting the group, should work harder than higher ranked subordinates. This prediction holds regardless of whether the intrinsic mortality rate of subordinates increases or decreases with rank. The prediction does not necessarily hold, however, where the costs of helping are higher for lower ranked individuals: a situation that may be common in vertebrates. The model makes two further testable predictions: that the helping effort of an individual of given rank should be lower in larger groups, and the reproductive success of dominants should be greater where group members are more closely related. Empirical evidence for these predictions is discussed. We argue that the effects of rank on stable helping effort may explain why attempts to correlate individual helping effort with relatedness in cooperatively breeding species have met with limited success.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/ari051			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	760
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	Author	Cameron, E.Z.; Linklater, W.L.; Stafford, K.J.; Minot, E.O.
	Title	Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	47	Issue	4	Pages	243-249
	Keywords	Maternal investment – Equidae – Equus caballus
	Abstract	In many mammalian species, female success in raising offspring improves as they age. The residual reproductive value hypothesis predicts that each individual offspring will be more valuable to the mother as she ages because there is less conflict between the current and potential future offspring. Therefore, as mothers age, their investment into individual offspring should increase. Empirical evidence for an influence of declining residual reproductive value on maternal investment is unconvincing. Older mothers may not invest more, but may be more successful due to greater experience, allowing them to target their investment more appropriately (targeted reproductive effort hypothesis). Most studies do not preclude either hypothesis. Mare age significantly influenced maternal investment in feral horses living on the North Island of New Zealand. Older mares, that were more successful at raising foals, were more protective for the first 20 days of life, but less diligent thereafter. Total maternal input by older mothers did not seem to be any greater, but was better targeted at the most critical period for foal survival and a similar pattern was observed in mares that had lost a foal in the previous year. In addition, older mothers were more likely to foal in consecutive years, supporting the hypothesis that they are investing less than younger mares in individual offspring. Therefore, older mothers seem to become more successful by targeting their investment better due to experience, not by investing more in their offspring.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2019
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	Author	Dall, S.R.X.; Giraldeau, L.-A.; Olsson, O.; McNamara, J.M.; Stephens, D.W.
	Title	Information and its use by animals in evolutionary ecology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition)	Abbreviated Journal	Trends Ecol Evol
	Volume	20	Issue	4	Pages	187-193
	Keywords
	Abstract	Information is a crucial currency for animals from both a behavioural and evolutionary perspective. Adaptive behaviour relies upon accurate estimation of relevant ecological parameters; the better informed an individual, the better it can develop and adjust its behaviour to meet the demands of a variable world. Here, we focus on the burgeoning interest in the impact of ecological uncertainty on adaptation, and the means by which it can be reduced by gathering information, from both 'passive' and 'responsive' sources. Our overview demonstrates the value of adopting an explicitly informational approach, and highlights the components that one needs to develop useful approaches to studying information use by animals. We propose a quantitative framework, based on statistical decision theory, for analysing animal information use in evolutionary ecology. Our purpose is to promote an integrative approach to studying information use by animals, which is itself integral to adaptive animal behaviour and organismal biology.
	Address	Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Tremough Campus, Penryn, UK, TR10 9EZ. sashadall@iname.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:16701367			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2128
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J.
	Title	*Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	4	Issue	4	Pages	289-292
	Keywords	mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata
	Abstract	Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2181
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	Author	Ben-Shahar, R
	Title	Selectivity in large generalist herbivores: feeding patterns of African ungulates in a semi-arid habitat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	African Journal of Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Afr. J. Ecol.
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	302-315
	Keywords	diet; forage production; grazing; wildebeest; zebra
	Abstract	Feeding habits of free-ranging wildebeest and zebra were monitored in a semi-arid nature reserve, bordering the southwestern part of Kruger National Park, South Africa. The purpose of study was to distinguish and define the feeding niches of two roughage grazers that occur in similar habitat types. The monthly compositions of diets were evaluated by direct observations of feeding bouts over a period of two years when rainfall patterns were average and animal populations were stable. Other analyses evaluated the standing biomass of grass species in the reserve during the wet summer and dry winter seasons. A considerable overlap of grass species composition was found in the diets of wildebeest and zebra. Ordination of bi-monthly records of the diet composition showed greater variations in scores of grasses in zebra diet in comparison to wildebeest. Seasonal patterns were more apparent in the wildebeest diet. Preference ranking of grass species indicated that zebra diet remained constant in winter and summer. Wildebeest diet however, alternated with seasons, showing high preferences during the winter months for grass species which were rejected during summer. The combined assessment of results from three separate statistical methods analysing temporal patterns and preferences in diet composition revealed contradictory trends. The solution, however, relied on the initial assumptions posed. Hence, wildebeest and zebra are essentially generalist feeders which show a limited amount of preference in their choice of diet.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2226
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	Author	Podos, J.
	Title	Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1964	Publication	Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE)	Abbreviated Journal	Ethol Ecol Evol
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	467-480
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	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2293
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