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Author |
Paz-y-Miño C. G.; Bond, A.B.; Kamil, A.C.; Balda, R.P. |
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Title |
Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
430 |
Issue |
7001 |
Pages  |
778-781 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them. An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence. Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings, the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species. |
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Center for Avian Cognition, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:15306809 |
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refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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352 |
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Author |
Barton, N. |
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Title |
Evolutionary biology: The geometry of adaptation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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Volume |
395 |
Issue |
6704 |
Pages |
751-752 |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/27338 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5469 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Horner, V.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
437 |
Issue |
7059 |
Pages |
737-740 |
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Keywords |
Aging/physiology; Animals; Culture; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/*psychology; *Social Conformity; Technology; Time Factors |
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Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture. |
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Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:16113685 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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163 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
Cognitive science: rank inferred by reason |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
430 |
Issue |
7001 |
Pages |
732-733 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:15306792 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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365 |
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Author |
Fedak Ma, S.H. |
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Title |
Reappraisal of energetics of locomotion shows identical cost in bipeds and quadrupeds including ostrich and horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
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Nature |
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282 |
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713-716 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1079 |
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Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
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Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
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Abstract |
Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4940 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
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Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
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Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385119 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385114 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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195 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Cultural primatology comes of age |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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399 |
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6737 |
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635-636 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385107 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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196 |
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Author |
Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. |
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Title |
Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Nature |
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458 |
Issue |
7238 |
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632-635 |
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Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07832 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4944 |
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