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	Author	Hofmeester, T.R.; Cromsigt, J.P.G.M.; Odden, J.; Andrén, H.; Kindberg, J.; Linnell, J.D.C.
	Title	Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi-species comparison			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Ecol Evol
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	animal characteristics; detectability; environmental variables; mammal monitoring; reuse of data; trail camera
	Abstract	Abstract Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number of studies use camera traps (CTs) to study wildlife communities, and an increasing effort is made to make better use and reuse of the large amounts of data that are produced. It is in these circumstances that it becomes paramount to correct for the species- and study-specific variation in imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed the literature and used our own experience to compile a list of factors that affect CT detection of animals. We did this within a conceptual framework of six distinct scales separating out the influences of (a) animal characteristics, (b) CT specifications, (c) CT set-up protocols, and (d) environmental variables. We identified 40 factors that can potentially influence the detection of animals by CTs at these six scales. Many of these factors were related to only a few overarching parameters. Most of the animal characteristics scale with body mass and diet type, and most environmental characteristics differ with season or latitude such that remote sensing products like NDVI could be used as a proxy index to capture this variation. Factors that influence detection at the microsite and camera scales are probably the most important in determining CT detection of animals. The type of study and specific research question will determine which factors should be corrected. Corrections can be done by directly adjusting the CT metric of interest or by using covariates in a statistical framework. Our conceptual framework can be used to design better CT studies and help when analyzing CT data. Furthermore, it provides an overview of which factors should be reported in CT studies to make them repeatable, comparable, and their data reusable. This should greatly improve the possibilities for global scale analyses of (reused) CT data.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-7758	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1002/ece3.4878			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6518
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	Author	Wolff, A.; Hausberger, M.
	Title	Behaviour of foals before weaning may have some genetic basis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Ethology
	Volume	96	Issue	1	Pages	1-10
	Keywords	Locomotion; Suckling; Social behavior; Foraging behavior; Exploratory behavior; Interindividual comparison; Young animal; Genetic inheritance; Captivity; Social interaction; Feeding behavior; Perissodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata
	Abstract	In this preliminary study on foal behaviour, 13 French saddlebred foals (2-3 mo old) and their dams were observed on pasture. The most important findings are the interindividual quantitative differences in foal behaviour patterns as well as in the amount of mainly foal-initiated time spent at given distances from their mares. Interindividual differences seem in part due to a sire effect
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5022
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	Author	Hardy, J.L.
	Title	The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Trop Med Hyg
	Volume	37	Issue	3 Suppl	Pages	18s-32s
	Keywords	Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals
	Abstract	Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification.
	Address	Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9637	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3318522			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2677
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	Author	Romero, T.; Aureli, F.
	Title	*Reciprocity of support in coatis (Nasua nasua)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	122	Issue	1	Pages	19-25
	Keywords	Animal Aggressive Behavior; Animal Social Behavior; *Mammals; Reciprocity
	Abstract	Primate sociality has received much attention and its complexity has been viewed as a driving force for the evolution of cognitive abilities. Improved analytic techniques have allowed primate researchers to reveal intricate social networks based on the exchange of cooperative acts and services. Although nonprimates are known to show similar behavior (e.g., cooperative hunting, food sharing, coalitions) there seems a consensus that social life is less complex than in primates. Here the authors present the first group-level analysis of reciprocity of social interactions in a social carnivore, the ring-tailed coati (<xh:i xmlns:search=“http://marklogic.com/appservices/search” xmlns=“http://apa.org/pimain” xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance” xmlns:xh=“http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>Nasua nasua</xh:i>). The authors found that support in aggressive conflicts is a common feature in coatis and that this behavior is reciprocally exchanged in a manner seemingly as complex as in primates. Given that reciprocity correlations persisted after controlling for the effect of spatial association and subunit membership, some level of scorekeeping may be involved. Further studies will be needed to confirm our findings and understand the mechanisms underlying such reciprocity, but our results contribute to the body of work that has begun to challenge primate supremacy in social complexity and cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address	Romero, Teresa: Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 N. Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, US, 30329, mromer2@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Psychological Association	Place of Publication	Us	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2008-01944-003			Serial	5812
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	Author	Sukhomlinov, B.F.; Korobov, V.N.; Gonchar, M.V.; Datsiuk, L.A.; Korzhev, V.A.
	Title	[Comparative analysis of the peroxidase activity of myoglobins in mammals]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii	Abbreviated Journal	Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol
	Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	37-41
	Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Ecology; Evolution; Kinetics; Mammals/metabolism; Myoglobin/metabolism; Peroxidases/metabolism
	Abstract	Studies have been made on the peroxidase activity of metmyoglobins in animals from various ecological groups--the horse Equus caballus, cattle Bos taurus, beaver Castor fiber, otter Lutra lutra, mink Mustela vison and dog Canis familiaris. It was found that the level of this activity in diving animals depends on the duration of their diving, whereas in terrestrial species--on the strength of muscular contraction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title	Sravnitel'nyi analiz peroksidaznoi aktivnosti mioglobinov u mlekopitaiushchikh
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-4529	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3564776			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2681
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	Author	Touma, C.; Palme, R.
	Title	Measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in mammals and birds: the importance of validation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1046	Issue		Pages	54-74
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/metabolism; Circadian Rhythm; Feces/chemistry; Glucocorticoids/analysis; Mammals/metabolism; Reproducibility of Results; Seasons; Sex Factors
	Abstract	In recent years, the noninvasive monitoring of steroid hormone metabolites in feces of mammals and droppings of birds has become an increasingly popular technique. It offers several advantages and has been applied to a variety of species under various settings. However, using this technique to reliably assess an animal's adrenocortical activity is not that simple and straightforward to apply. Because clear differences regarding the metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) exist, a careful validation for each species and sex investigated is obligatory. In this review, general analytical issues regarding sample storage, extraction procedures, and immunoassays are briefly discussed, but the main focus lies on experiments and recommendations addressing the validation of fecal GCM measurements in mammals and birds. The crucial importance of scrutinizing the physiological and biological validity of fecal GCM analyses in a given species is stressed. In particular, the relevance of the technique to detect biologically meaningful alterations in adrenocortical activity must be shown. Furthermore, significant effects of the animals' sex, the time of day, season, and different life history stages are discussed, bringing about the necessity to seriously consider possible sex differences as well as diurnal and seasonal variations. Thus, comprehensive information on the animals' biology and stress physiology should be carefully taken into account. Together with an extensive physiological and biological validation, this will ensure that the measurement of fecal GCMs can be used as a powerful tool to assess adrenocortical activity in diverse investigations on laboratory, companion, farm, zoo, and wild animals.
	Address	Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany. touma@mpipsykl.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16055843			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4073
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	Author	Scherer, W.F.; Dickerman, R.W.
	Title	Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. 8. Correlations and conclusions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Trop Med Hyg
	Volume	21	Issue	2	Pages	86-89
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Cattle; Chiroptera; Cricetinae; Culex; Culicidae; Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology; Encephalitis Viruses/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Mammals; Mexico; Mice; Opossums; Rats; Swine
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9637	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4399844			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2721
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	Author	Thackeray, J.F.
	Title	Zebras from wonderwerk cave, northern Cape province, South Africa: attempts to distinguish Equus burchelli and E. quagga			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	South African journal of science	Abbreviated Journal	Suid- Afrikaanse Tydsskrif vir Wetenskap
	Volume	84	Issue		Pages	99-101
	Keywords	Cape Province; Teeth; Statistical analysis; Equidae; Hippomorpha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Perissodactyla; Mammalia; Vertebrata
	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0038-2353	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	1644
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	Author	Nakagawa, S.; Waas, J.R.
	Title	'O sibling, where art thou?' – A review of avian sibling recognition with respect to the mammalian literature			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	79	Issue	1	Pages	101-119
	Keywords	Birds; Direct familiarisation; Indirect familiarisation; Individual recognition; Kin discrimination; Kin recognition; Mammals; Sibling recognition
	Abstract	Avian literature on sibling recognition is rare compared to that developed by mammalian researchers. We compare avian and mammalian research on sibling recognition to identify why avian work is rare, how approaches differ and what avian and mammalian researchers can learn from each other. Three factors: (1) biological differences between birds and mammals, (2) conceptual biases and (3) practical constraints, appear to influence our current understanding. Avian research focuses on colonial species because sibling recognition is considered adaptive where 'mixing potential' of dependent young is high; research on a wider range of species, breeding systems and ecological conditions is now needed. Studies of acoustic recognition cues dominate avian literature; other types of cues (e.g. visual, olfactory) deserve further attention. The effect of gender on avian sibling recognition has yet to be investigated; mammalian work shows that gender can have important influences. Most importantly, many researchers assume that birds recognise siblings through 'direct familiarisation' (commonly known as associative learning or familiarity); future experiments should also incorporate tests for 'indirect familiarisation' (commonly known as phenotype matching). If direct familiarisation proves crucial, avian research should investigate how periods of separation influence sibling discrimination. Mammalian researchers typically interpret sibling recognition in broad functional terms (nepotism, optimal outbreeding); some avian researchers more successfully identify specific and testable adaptive explanations, with greater relevance to natural contexts. We end by reporting exciting discoveries from recent studies of avian sibling recognition that inspire further interest in this topic.
	Address	Department of Biological Sciences, University Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 23 October 2008; Source: Scopus			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4567
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	Author	Barette, C.; Vandal, D.
	Title	Social rank, dominance, antler size, and access to food in snow-bound wild woodland caribou			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	97	Issue	1-2	Pages	118-146
	Keywords	Canada; Quebec; Artiodactyla; Social dominance; Feeding behavior; Morphology; Antler; Rangifer tarandus; North America; America; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata
	Abstract	We spent two winters studying the social behaviour of wild woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) at a time when their main food (ground lichens; Cladina sp.) is available only at snow craters dug by the animals. The competition for access to such craters was severe, the animals constantly trying to take over the craters of others. During a two-month period when a group maintained a constant size (20) and composition (all age-sex classes represented), we could rank the animals in a rather linear dominance hierarchy (Landau's index = 0.87). Rank was correlated with access to resources, percent of time spent active, and percent of time feeding in craters. It was also correlated with age and antler size. However, rank is not an attribute of individuals, but of a relationship between individuals. As such it is only an intervening variable between physical attributes and access to resources, a variable whose value has meaning only within a given group. Among the three attributes studied (age, sex, antler size), the latter was by far the best predictor of the occurrence and outcome of interactions. Between two individuals within any of the three age-sex classes studied (adult and yearling males and adult females), the one with larger antlers initiated significantly more often, escalated its aggression (to the point of hitting the target) less often, and enjoyed a higher success rate in obtaining resources. When their antlers were larger than those of an adult male target (i.e. males that had shed their antlers), adult females won almost all their interactions with adult males even though they escalated only one fourth of them. This clarifies the long-standing speculation that female caribou have antlers and shed them later than males, in order to overcome their sexual handicap in competition for food in the winter. We conclude that the link between rank and dominance of an individual on one hand, and some of its attributes on the other (e.g. sex, age, weight, antler size) is fundamentally realized by the animal itself through its active preference for targets it is likely to beat, i.e. targets with smaller antlers.
	Address
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	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4269
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