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Author Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. doi  openurl
  Title Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees Type
  Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (down) Nature  
  Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 647-648  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10385114 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 195  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author de Waal, F.B. doi  openurl
  Title Cultural primatology comes of age Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (down) Nature  
  Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 635-636  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10385107 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 196  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. doi  openurl
  Title Cultures in chimpanzees Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (down) Nature  
  Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 682-685  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity  
  Abstract As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.  
  Address Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10385119 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 742  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Rogers, C.W.; Davies, A.S.; Pfeiffer, D.U.; Davie, P.S. openurl 
  Title Linear and temporal stride characteristics of 3-day event horses at a CCI*** 3-day event horse inspection Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication New Zealand Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal (down) N Z Vet J  
  Volume 47 Issue 6 Pages 193-197  
  Keywords  
  Abstract AIMS: To quantify the linear and temporal characteristics of the trot of 3-day event horses during the preliminary horse inspection of an advanced grade CCI* 3-day event. METHODS: A cross sectional study was made of the kinematics of 24 3-day-event horses during the first horse inspection at a CCI* level S-day event. Video footage was digitised and linear and temporal measurements were made. RESULTS: The horses trotted for an average of 10.44+/-1.55 strides. Spatial measurements were made on an average of 5.66+/-0.92 consecutive strides when the horses were within the calibration zone. The horses increased and then obtained a constant velocity within the calibration zone. Trotting on the asphalt track did not alter the relationships between stride length, stride duration and velocity when compared with previously published values. Horse-specific differences in stance and retraction percentages were identified. CONCLUSION: Horse specific differences were identified that may contribute to each horse's unique gait or kinematic fingerprint. It is proposed that the initiation of, and completion of, stance by the hind limb first may represent engagement of the hind quarters and be a response to dressage training.  
  Address Equine Research, New Zealand  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0048-0169 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16032102 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3714  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author M, E.; östl,.; Messmann, S.; Bagu, E.; Robia, C.; Palme, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Measurement of Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in Faeces of Domestic Livestock Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Vet. Med. A  
  Volume 46 Issue 10 Pages 621-631  
  Keywords  
  Abstract After 14C-labelled cortisol infusion in ponies and pigs, faecal samples were collected. Extraction of 0.5 g faeces with 5 ml 80–90 % methanol yielded the highest radioactivity in the supernatant. Most of the metabolites were ether soluble. After high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the presence of immunoreactive metabolites was demonstrated by measuring each HPLC fraction using enzyme immunoassays for cortisol, corticosterone and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone. Only the assay for 11-oxoaetiocholanolone revealed peaks with co-eluting radioactivity. For biological validation of the test system, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and dexamethasone were injected intravenously successively in both species (n = 6). Cortisol concentration in blood and the 11-oxoaetiocholanolone immunoreactive substances in faeces were determined. In horse faeces, basal values of 2.3–35.2 nmol/kg were measured. After ACTH administration, an increase (more than 200 % above basal values) of these metabolites was seen about 1 day after ACTH administration. After dexamethasone injection the levels decreased, reaching minimum concentrations 2 days after administration. In pigs, an increase in these metabolites was measured in only three animals after ACTH; dexamethasone did not cause a decrease. The stability of the samples after defecation was tested by storing samples from cows, horses and pigs at room temperature. It was shown that there was a significant increase in the concentration of measured cortisol metabolites in bovine, equine and porcine faeces after storage for 1 h, 4 h and 24 h, respectively. In frozen samples this effect was diminished after thawing samples at 40°C; thawing the samples at 95°C prevented an increase in immunoreactive substances.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Blackwell Science, Ltd Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1439-0442 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6043  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Fishman, M.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Predator Inspection: Closer Approach as a Way to Improve Assessment of Potential Threats Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Theoretical Biology Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 196 Issue 2 Pages 225-235  
  Keywords  
  Abstract When detecting a predator, some prey animals respond in a counterintuitive fashion by approaching, rather than fleeing, that potential threat of extinction. This seemingly paradoxical behaviour, known aspredator inspection, has been reported for a wide variety of taxa--and therefore can be assumed to be adaptive. However, the view of predator inspection as a paradoxical behaviour rests on two implicit assumptions: (a) initial predator detecting is unambiguous, with no uncertainty in discriminating between hunting and non hunting members of predator species, or members of predator species and unrelated phenomena; (b) the costs of flight are negligible relative to the risk of predation. Upon reflection assumption (a) is not really tenable. Whereas assumption (b) is not consistent with experimental evidence [Godin & Crossman (1994)Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.34,359-366]. Given that predator detection is ambiguous and the costs of flight are not negligible, a prey individual may benefit by a closer approach to the source of the alarming signals, thus improving its assessment of the situation--despite the increased risk of predation. In this paper, the above statement is given rigor by reformulating the problem in game theoretical terms. The results indicate that a prey will minimize its costs by performing predator inspection whenever its degree of certainty regarding predator identification and/or assessment of its intentions is less than a threshold, which is determined by the model's parameters.  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 523  
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Author Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. url  openurl
  Title Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Use Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 2 Pages 173-177  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Ten domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different breeds and ages were exposed to 2 different social cues indicating the location of hidden food, each provided by both a human informant and a conspecific informant (for a total of 4 different social cues). For the local enhancement cue, the informant approached the location where food was hidden and then stayed beside it. For the gaze and point cue, the informant stood equidistant between 2 hiding locations and bodily oriented and gazed toward the 1 in which food was hidden (the human informant also pointed). Eight of the 10 subjects, including the one 6-month-old juvenile, were above chance with 2 or more cues. Results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic and ontogenetic processes by means of which dogs come to use social cues to locate food.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 590  
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Author Templeton, J. J.; Kamil, A. C.; Balda, R. P. doi  openurl
  Title Sociality and social learning in two species of corvids: The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 4 Pages 450-455  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living predicts that social species should learn better socially than they do individually, but that nonsocial species should not exhibit a similar enhancement of performance under social learning conditions. The authors compared individual and social learning abilities in 2 corvid species: the highly social pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the less social Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The birds were tested on 2 different tasks under individual and social learning conditions. Half learned a motor task individually and a discrimination task socially; the other half learned the motor task socially and the discrimination task individually. Pinyon jays learned faster socially than they did individually, but nutcrackers performed equally well under both learning conditions. Results support the hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living in pinyon jays. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2191  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Hanggi, E.B. url  openurl
  Title Categorization Learning in Horses (Equus caballus) Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 3 Pages 243-252  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Categorization learning was investigated in 2 horses (Equus caballus). Both horses learned to select a 2-dimensional black stimulus with an open center instead of a filled stimulus in a 2-choice discrimination task. After a criterion of 10 out of 10 correct responses in a random series for 2 consecutive sessions was reached, 15 additional pairs of open-center versus filled stimuli were tested. Each was run to criterion and then incorporated into sessions of randomly mixed problems. Both horses solved the 1st problem by simple pattern discrimination and showed evidence of categorical processing for subsequent problems. New pairs were learned with few or no errors, and correct responses on novel trials were significantly above chance. These results suggest that the horses were making their selections on the basis of shared characteristics with the training stimuli and were using categorization skills in problem solving.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3678  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Custance, D.; Whiten, A.; Fredman, T. doi  openurl
  Title Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal (down) J. Comp. Psychol.  
  Volume 113 Issue 1 Pages 13-23  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Social learning in 11 human-raised capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was investigated using an artificial fruit that was designed as an analogue of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each subject observed a human model open each of 3 principal components on the fruit in 1 of 2 alternative ways (“morphs”). The capuchin monkeys reproduced, to differing extents, the alternative techniques used for opening 1 component of the task (poking vs. pulling while twisting out a pair of smooth plastic bolts) but not the other 2. From the subjects' actions on the bolt latch, independent coders could recognize which morph they had witnessed, and they observed a degree of matching to the demonstrator's act consistent with simple imitation or object movement reenactment (A learns from watching B how an object, or parts of an object, move). Thus, these capuchins were capable of more complex social learning than has been recently ascribed to monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6563  
Permanent link to this record
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