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Author |
Gibbs, P.G.; Cohen, N.D. |
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Title |
Early management of race-bred weanlings and yearlings on farms |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal  |
J. Equine Vet. Sci. |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
279-283 |
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Equine, management, growth, nutrition, marketing |
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A total of 58 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse farms
that managed 1,987 weanlings and yearlings responded to
a survey designed to better characterize early management
of racing prospects. Average age at weaning was 5.5 months
and over half of all farms kept almost three-fourths of all
weanlings to be placed in pre-race training. Variation in
feeding practices was evident and while well over half
of all farms provided balanced nutrient supply to young
horses, 20% to 40% likely fed unbalanced diets. An obvious
preference existed for semi-confinement in young horses
with plenty of free exercise. The majority of farms reported
that young prospects were fed and managed for a moderate
rate of growth. Forced exercise occurred to a much larger
extent with yearlings than weanlings and 40% of farms
described the footing as soft, but not deep. Response to the
prevalence of developmental orthopedic diseases appeared
somewhat guarded, and average injury rate was low on
farms that attributed much of injury to horses playing too
hard. Technological advancements such as photoperiod
manipulation in broodmares were widely used, while
valuable tools such as body condition scoring were utilized
to a lesser extent. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5758 |
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Author |
Passler, S.; Pfeffer, M. |
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Title |
Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and discrimination between antibodies to eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses in rabbit sera using a recombinant antigen and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
265-269 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology; Antibodies, Viral/*analysis/blood; DNA Primers; Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*diagnosis/*virology; Epitopes; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/*veterinary; Horses; Rabbits; Recombination, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary |
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Three arthropod-borne alphaviruses, western equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV), eastern equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are the aetiological agents of a sometimes severe encephalomyelitis in equines and humans in the New World. With regard to the different ecology and epidemiology of these viruses, a method applied in serological screening should be able to distinguish between them as well as other related members of the genus Alphavirus in the American continent. However, this has been hampered in the past by (a) the close antigenic relationship between alphaviruses in traditional serological assays, especially in the routinely used haemagglutination-inhibition, and (b) the need of biosafety level 3 facilities to grow the viral antigens. An epitope blocking assay using an EEEV glycoprotein E1-expressing recombinant Sindbis virus and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding to the E1 of EEEV (strain NJ/60) and the E1 of Sindbis virus was established using automated flow cytometry. The test was evaluated using sera of infected and vaccinated rabbits. A cut-off value of 30% inhibition for antigenic complex-specific seroconversion was found to be sufficient for the detection of the respective infection. By using three different mAbs in parallel, we were able to detect alphavirus genus-, EEEV- and WEEV-complex-specific serum antibodies. As this test is based on the inhibition of binding of virus-specific mAbs, sera of every origin other than mouse can be tested. Thus, this assay may prove useful in the serological screening of a variety of animal species during an outbreak investigation. |
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Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany |
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0931-1793 |
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PMID:14628996 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2639 |
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Author |
Hartmann, E.; Keeling, L.J.; Rundgren, M. |
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Title |
Comparison of 3 methods for mixing unfamiliar horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
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6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-49 |
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Keywords |
equine; behaviors; welfare; mixing; aggression; injury |
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Horses are likely to exhibit aggression when meeting for the first time. Therefore, this study compared 3 methods for mixing horses to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing aggressive interactions: (1) mixing pairs of horses in a paddock (P, 10 minutes, 15 tests), (2) introducing 1 unfamiliar horse to a pair of familiar, resident horses in a paddock (PP, 10 minutes, 15 tests), (3) allowing limited physical contact between pairs of horses for a short period of pre-exposure in neighboring boxes (B, 5 minutes, 16 tests) before mixing them in a paddock (BP, 10 minutes 16 tests). A total of 16 Swedish Standardbred mares, aged 6-18 years (mean age ± SD: 11 ± 4.4), were included in the study. Half of the horses were familiar with each other (resident horses, n = 8), whereas the other half were bought in from a variety of sources (unfamiliar horses, n = 8). Social interactions, consisting of behaviors from the sender, the receiver, and the subsequent sender's response, were recorded continuously as frequencies. There were no differences in the frequencies of aggressive behaviors between the 3 mixing methods, including those aggressive behaviors in which physical contact had been attempted (kick, strike). Although resident horses were overall more aggressive (median number of aggressive behaviors per horse, 62; Q1, 36; Q3, 68.5) than unfamiliar horses (median per horse, 4; Q1, 2; Q3, 12.5) during all tests (U = 97, P = 0.003), none of the 62 tests needed to be terminated. Unfamiliar horses did not receive more aggression from resident horses in PP (mean per test ± SD: 5.1 ± 3.1) than in P (mean per test ± SD: 6.4 ± 4.9) (t = 0.63, P = 0.544). However, the behavior “attack” was more frequent in PP (median per test, 2; Q1, 0; Q3, 5) than in P (median per test, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (U = 282, P = 0.042), and “flee” was more frequent in PP (median per test, 6; Q1, 4; Q3, 8) than in P (median per test, 1; Q1, 0; Q3, 6) (U = 290, P = 0.018). Pre-exposure in boxes did not reduce aggression in BP (median per test, 7; Q1, 4.3; Q3, 11.8) as compared with P (median per test, 6; Q1, 2; Q3, 16) (U = 264, P = 0.767), but during pre-exposure in B tests, horses exchanged more nonaggressive (median per test, 2; Q1, 0.3; Q3, 4) than aggressive (median frequency of aggressive behavior, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (W = 71, P = 0.013) and mixed interactions (median per test, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (W = 92, P = 0.016) through the opening. Results suggest mixing an unfamiliar horse with 2 resident horses at the same time instead of one by one may be preferable. In this way, the total aggression received by the unfamiliar horse will potentially be less, even though aggressive interactions may be more intense. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5294 |
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Author |
Crans, W.J.; McNelly, J.; Schulze, T.L.; Main, A. |
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Title |
Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern New Jersey |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Mosq Control Assoc |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
68-72 |
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Keywords |
Aedes/*microbiology; Alphavirus/*isolation & purification; Animals; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/*isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/transmission; Horses; Insect Vectors/microbiology; New Jersey |
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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) was isolated from the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes sollicitans, collected from coastal areas of New Jersey on 3 occasions during the late summer and fall of 1982. The isolations were made at a time when local Culiseta melanura were either undergoing a population increase or exhibiting high levels of EEE virus. Although no human cases were reported during the epizootic period, the data lend support to the hypothesis that Ae. sollicitans is capable of functioning as an epidemic vector in the coastal areas of New Jersey where human cases of EEE have been most common. |
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Mosquito Research and Control, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 |
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8756-971X |
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PMID:2853203 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2684 |
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Mitchell, C.J.; Darsie, R.F.J.; Monath, T.P.; Sabattini, M.S.; Daffner, J. |
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Title |
The use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western equine encephalitis investigations in Argentina |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Mosq Control Assoc |
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1 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
43-47 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Argentina; *Culicidae/classification; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/transmission/*veterinary; Entomology/*instrumentation; Equipment Design; Horse Diseases/*transmission; Horses; *Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance |
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A large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at three sites each in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina, during the austral summer of 1984. These provinces, as well as others in Argentina, were affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (WEE) during 1982-83. Totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. Culex mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex were predominant (45.8% of total) in the Santa Fe collections, although Aedes albifasciatus also was prevalent (21.7%). The latter species was predominant (95.7% of total) in the Rio Negro collections. The mosquito fauna was less complex (minimum of 6 species) in Rio Negro Province as compared to Santa Fe Province (minimum of 18 species). The advantages of the net trap indicate that this trap can become a useful tool in arbovirus ecology studies in other areas. |
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Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087 |
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8756-971X |
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PMID:2906656 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2686 |
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Author |
Hothersall, B.; Nicol, C. |
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Title |
Role of Diet and Feeding in Normal and Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice |
Abbreviated Journal |
Clinical Nutrition |
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25 |
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1 |
Pages |
167-181 |
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Equine behavior; Diet; Crib-biting; Stereotypy; Weaning; Tryptophan; Insulin |
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This article reviews the effects of diet on equine feeding behavior and feeding patterns, before considering the evidence that diet affects reactivity in horses. A growing body of work suggests that fat- and fiber-based diets may result in calmer patterns of behavior, and possible mechanisms that may underpin these effects are discussed. In contrast, there is little evidence that herbal- or tryptophan-containing supplements influence equine behavior in any measurable way. The role of diet in the development of abnormal oral behaviors, particularly the oral stereotypy crib-biting, is also reviewed, and suggestions for future work are presented. |
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0749-0739 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4945 |
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Author |
Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F. |
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Title |
Stimulus discrimination by horses under scotopic conditions |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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82 |
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1 |
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45-50 |
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Discrimination learning; Equine; Horse; Night vision; Scotopic vision |
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Scotopic vision in horses (Equus caballus) was investigated using behavioral measurements for the first time. Four horses were tested for the ability to make simple visual discriminations of geometric figures (circles and triangles) under various brightness levels within an enclosed building. Measurements of brightness ranging from 10.37 to 24.12 magnitudes per square arcsecond (mag/arcsec2; in candelas per square meter--7.70 to 2.43E-05 cd/m2) were taken using a Sky Quality Meter. These values approximated outdoor conditions ranging from twilight in open country to a dark moonless night in dense forest. The horses were able to solve the discrimination problems in all brightness settings up to 23.77 mag/arcsec2 (3.35E-05 cd/m2). Moreover, they easily navigated their way around obstacles located within the testing area in extremely dim light (>23.50 mag/arcsec2; 4.30E-05 cd/m2), which were in conditions too dark for the human experimenters to see. These findings support physiological data that reveal a rod-dominated visual system as well as observations of equine activity at night. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5051 |
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Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F. |
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Title |
Lateral vision in horses: A behavioral investigation |
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2012 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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91 |
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1 |
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70-76 |
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Lateral vision; Horse; Equine; Stimulus discrimination; Field of view; Peripheral |
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This study investigated lateral vision in horses (Equus caballus) for the first time from a behavioral point of view. Three horses were tested using a novel experimental design to determine the range of their lateral and caudolateral vision with respect to stimulus detection and discrimination. Real-life stimuli were presented along a curvilinear wall in one of four different positions (A, B, C, D) and one of two height locations (Top, Bottom) on both sides of the horse. To test for stimulus detection, the correct stimulus was paired against a control; for stimulus discrimination, the correct stimulus was paired against another object. To indicate that the correct stimulus was detected or discriminated, the horses pushed one of two paddles. All horses scored significantly above chance on stimulus detection trials regardless of stimulus position or location. They also accurately discriminated between stimuli when objects appeared in positions A, B, and C for the top or bottom locations; however, they failed to discriminate these stimuli at position D. This study supports physiological descriptions of the equine eye and provides new behavioral data showing that horses can detect the appearance of objects within an almost fully encompassing circle and are able to identify objects within most but not all of their panoramic field of view. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5621 |
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Author |
McLean, A.N. |
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Title |
Short-term spatial memory in the domestic horse |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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85 |
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1-2 |
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93-105 |
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Animal cognition; Delayed response; Equine memory; Horse; Object permanence; Temporal cognition |
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This study investigates the ability of horses to recall a feeding event in a two-point choice apparatus. Twelve horses were individually tested whereby they were maintained immobile in a test arena and visually and aurally experienced the delivery of food into one of two feed goals. The horses were then released to make their choice in two experimental contexts: immediate release after experiencing the delivery of food, and release 10 s after food delivery. Each horse performed 40 immediate-release (IR) trials, followed by forty 10-s release trials over a 3-day period. In addition, the same horses were tested 3 months later in the spring with the same number and sequence of trials. Results were analysed by log-linear analysis of frequencies. Results showed that while horses were able to achieve the correct feed goal choice in the immediate-release trials, they were unsuccessful with the 10-s release trials. This suggests that there are limitations in recall abilities in horses, in that they may not possess a prospective type of memory. There are welfare and training implications in these findings concerning the effects of overestimating the mental abilities of horses during training and the effects of delays in reinforcements. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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403 |
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Nicol, C. J. |
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Title |
Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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78 |
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2-4 |
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193-208 |
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Learning; Horse; Equine; Discrimination; Training |
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Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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