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	Author	Krueger, K; Farmer, K.
	Title	Laterality in the Horse [Lateralität beim Pferd ]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	mensch & pferd international	Abbreviated Journal	mup
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	160-167
	Keywords	Laterality, horse, information processing, training, welfare, human-animal interaction
	Abstract	Horses are one-sided, not only on a motor level, but they also prefer to use one eye, ear or nostril over the other under particular circumstances. Horses usually prefer using the left eye to observe novel objects and humans. This preference is more marked in emotional situations and when confronted with unknown persons. Thus the horse’s visual laterality provides a good option for assessing its mental state during training or in human-horse interactions. A strong preference for the left eye may signal that a horse cannot deal with certain training situations or is emotionally affected by a particular person. Pferde benutzen für die Begutachtung von Objekten und Menschen bevorzugt eine bestimmte Nüster, ein Ohr oder ein Auge. So betrachten die meisten Pferde Objekte und Menschen mit dem linken Auge. Die Lateralitätsforschung erklärt diese sensorische Lateralität mit der Verarbeitung von Informationen unterschiedlicher Qualität in verschiedenen Gehirnhälften und zeigt auf, dass positive und negative emotionale Informationen sowie soziale Sachverhalte mit dem linken Auge aufgenommen und vorwiegend an die rechte Gehirnhälfte weitergegeben werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ermöglicht die visuelle Lateralität, den Gemütszustand des Pferdes im Training und im therapeutischen Fördereinsatz zu erkennen und zu berücksichtigen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5444
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	Author	Krueger K., Farmer K., Byrne R.
	Title	The use of sensory laterality for indicating emotional and cognitive reactions on environmental stimuli in animals [Die sensorische Lateralität als Indikator für emotionale und kognitive Reaktionen auf Umweltreize beim Tier].			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2011	Publication	Current research in applied ethology [Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	13-23
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Many animals are lateralized when using sensory organs such as the eyes, ears or nostrils. Sensory laterality is not, as previously believed, caused by adjustment to motor laterality, but rather by one sided information processing in the particular brain hemi-spheres. While the right hemisphere predominantly analyses emotional information, the left hemisphere governs controlled rational, cognitive decisions. Since the brain hemi-spheres are largely connected with contralateral sensory organs, it is possible to infer how the information may be being interpreted by the side of preferred eye, ear or nostril used. The left eye usually dominates in emotional situations, i.e. fear or positive ex-citement, and the right eye in rational situations. Moreover, laterality increases when animals are stressed, e.g. when animals are confronted with anthropogenic or natural factors they can not handle, such as unsuitable housing or training conditions or un-avoidable predation pressure and social competition. A strong or increasing laterality could therefore potentially indicate welfare issues. Zusammenfassung Viele Tiere zeigen eine eindeutige sensorische Lateralität, sprich sie benutzen bevor-zugt ein Auge, ein Ohr, oder eine Nüster zur Aufnahme von Sinneseindrücken. Dies korreliert in den meisten Fällen nicht mit der motorischen Lateralität, sondern wird viel mehr durch die einseitige Verarbeitung von Informationen in den jeweiligen Gehirnhe-misphären bedingt. So werden emotionale Reaktionen von der rechten, reaktiven Ge-hirnhemisphäre und rationale Reaktionen von der linken, kognitiven Gehirnhemisphäre gesteuert. Da die Gehirnhälften zum Großen Teil mit den kontrolateralen Sinnesorga-nen verbunden sind lässt die Seite mit welcher Sinneseindrücke aufgenommen werden Schlüsse auf deren Informationsgehalt zu. So zeigen Tiere bei linksseitiger Aufnahme von Sinneseindrücken vermehrt reaktive, emotionalen Reaktionen, wie etwa bei Angst oder freudige Erregung, und bei rechtsseitig aufgenommene Sinneseindrücke eher rationales, gesteuertes Verhalten. Zudem verstärkt sich die sensorische Lateralität wenn Tiere Stress erfahren, sprich wenn sie wiederholt mit Situationen anthropogenen oder natürlichen Ursprungs konfrontiert werden denen sie nicht gewachsen sind, wie etwa bei unpassenden Haltungs- und Trainingsbedingungen, oder bei unausweichli-chem Raubtierdruck und sozialer Konkurrenz. Eine stark ausgeprägte, zunehmende sensorische Lateralität kann daher auf ein beeinträchtigtes Wohlergehen der Tiere hinweisen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	KTBL	Place of Publication	Darmstadt	Editor	Erhard,M. ; Pollmann, U.; Puppe, B.; Reiter,K.; Waiblinger , S.
	Language	Greman	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-941583-58-0	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5445
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	Author	Noy, L.; Dekel, E.; Alon, U.
	Title	The mirror game as a paradigm for studying the dynamics of two people improvising motion together			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Joint improvisation is the creative action of two or more people without a script or designated leader. Examples include improvisational theater and music, and day-to-day activities such as conversations. In joint improvisation, novel action is created, emerging from the interaction between people. Although central to creative processes and social interaction, joint improvisation remains largely unexplored due to the lack of experimental paradigms. Here we introduce a paradigm based on a theater practice called the mirror game. We measured the hand motions of two people mirroring each other at high temporal and spatial resolution. We focused on expert actors and musicians skilled in joint improvisation. We found that players can jointly create novel complex motion without a designated leader, synchronized to less than 40 ms. In contrast, we found that designating one player as leader deteriorated performance: The follower showed 2–3 Hz oscillation around the leader's smooth trajectory, decreasing synchrony and reducing the range of velocities reached. A mathematical model suggests a mechanism for these observations based on mutual agreement on future motion in mirrored reactive–predictive controllers. This is a step toward understanding the human ability to create novelty by improvising together.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1073/pnas.1108155108			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5493
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	Author	Steidele, N.
	Title	Beobachtungen einer Przewalski-Junggesellenherde im Jahresverlauf unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Ruheverhalten und Rangordnung			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2011	Publication	Dissertation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5662
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	Author	Krueger, K. .
	Title	Soziales Lernen der Pferde			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2011	Publication	Göttinger Pferdetage '11: Zucht, Haltung und Ernährung von Sportpferden	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	51
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	FN Verlag	Place of Publication	Warendorf	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3885427582	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5719
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	Author	Krueger, K
	Title	Die Relevanz von sozialem Lernen beim Pferd für Tierhaltung und Tierschutz.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2011	Publication	DVG 12. Internationale Fachtagung zu Fragen von Verhaltenskunde, Tierhaltung und Tierschutz.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	220-221
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	DVG	Place of Publication	Gießen	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9783863450182	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5720
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	Author	Schnerr, C. U.
	Title	Feldstudie zur Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung von Strongyliden in Pferdebeständen im Raum Baden- Württemberg			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	In der Zeit von April 2005 bis März 2006 wurden bei 105 Pferden monatlich koprologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Pferde waren zu zwei Drittel Jungtiere (≤ 4 Jahre) und ein Drittel > 4 Jahre. Die zur Verfügung stehenden vier Betriebe befanden sich alle im Raum Baden-Württemberg. Die Kotproben wurden mit Hilfe der Flotation auf Magen-Darmnematoden untersucht und anschließend einer quantitativen Eizahlbestimmung nach Mc Master unterzogen. Ab einem Eigehalt von 250 Eiern pro Gramm Kot (EpG) wurden die Pferde entsprechend der Gruppenzugehörigkeit entweder mit Pyrantel oder Ivermectin behandelt. Es wurden bei 73 Pferden ausschließlich Strongylideneier nachgewiesen; bei vier Pferden waren in der Flotation zusätzlich Eier von Parascaris equorum zu finden. Bei 28 (26,7%) der untersuchten Pferde wurden in keiner der 12 untersuchten Proben Eier von Magen-Darmnematoden nachgewiesen. Insgesamt mussten 57 (54,3%) der Pferde über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg nicht behandelt werden. 48 (45,7%) Pferde mussten mindestens einmal anthelminthisch behandelt werden. Kein Pferd musste häufiger als dreimal behandelt werden. In den Monaten August bis November war der Anteil an positiven Proben der Jungtiere signifikant höher als bei den Pferden > 4 Jahre. Innerhalb der Jungtiergruppe nahm die Höhe der Strongyliden-Eiausscheidung mit zunehmendem Alter signifikant ab. Ebenso nahm die Anzahl der positiven Proben im Laufe des Untersuchungszeitraums signifikant ab. Die beiden zur Entwurmung eingesetzten Substanzen (Pyrantel und Ivermectin) waren voll wirksam. In 98,8% der untersuchten Proben war ein Rückgang der Ei-Ausscheidung noch vier Wochen nach der Behandlung auf 0 EpG nachweisbar, d. h. es gab keinerlei Anzeichen für das Vorliegen von Resistenzen gegen die eingesetzten Substanzen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sind ein weiterer Beweis dafür, dass mit Hilfe der selektiven anthelminthischen Behandlung die Anzahl der Entwurmungen – insbesondere auch bei Jungtieren – deutlich gesenkt werden kann. Die Eiausscheidung und damit die Weidekontamination werden mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens deutlich reduziert. [Between April 2005 and March 2006 monthly koprological examinations where carried out on 105 horses. Two third of the horses were young animals (≤ 4 years) and a third were > 4 years old. The four farms on hand were all located in the Baden- Württemberg area. Faecal samples were examined for gastro-intestinal nematodes by means of flotation and subsequently subjected to an egg-quantity counting according to Mc Master. Starting from an egg content of 250 eggs per gram faeces (EpG), the horses were treated with either Pyrantel or Ivermectin according to their group affiliation. In 73 horses solely Strongyle eggs were detected; the flotation of four horses additionaly showed eggs of Parascaris equorum. In 28 (26,7%) of the examined horses none of the 12 examined samples showed eggs of gastro-intestinal nematodes. Overall 57 (54,3%) horses didn´t need any treatment during the total examination cycle. 48 (45,7%) of the horses needed at least one anthelminthic treatment. None of the horses needed to be treated more than three times. From August to November the rate of positive samples within the group of young animals was significantly higher than in the horses > 4 years. Whithin the group of young animals the level of Strongyle egg excretions dropped significantly with advancing age. Likewise, the number of positive samples also dropped significantly in the course of the examination cycle. Both substances (Pyrantel and Ivermectin) applied for deworming were fully effective. Even a further 4 weeks after treatment the examined sample showed a drop of egg excretion to 0 EpG in 98,8% of the samples, in other words there were no signs of prevailing resistance appearances towards the applied substance. The present studies are further proof that the number of dewormings-especially in young animals can be distinctly reduced by means of selective anthelminthic treatments. Egg excretion and therewith pasture land contamination can be clearly reduced by means of this procedure.]
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5722
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	Author	Flauger, B.
	Title	The introduction of horses into new social groups with special regard to their stress level			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Pferd; Equiden; Eingliederungstechnik; Integrationspferd; Stress; Cortisol; Endokrine Reaktion; Gruppenhaltung; Verletzungsgefahr; Aggression; Futterplatzwahl; Kot; Geruchssinn; Mensch-Pferd Interaktion; horse; equids; introduction technique; integration horse; stress; cortisol; endocrine response; group housing; injury risk; aggression; feeding decision; faecal sample; olfaction; human-horse interaction
	Abstract	Horses are a highly social species living in complex social systems which should require them to memorise and generalise social experiences and distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. In the main part of my thesis I concentrated on the specific conflict situation of a horse being introduced into a new social group, and investigated its behaviour and stress level. Horses were either introduced (1) immediately, (2) after an observation period, or (3) together with an integration horse after an observation period. Additionally, in the second part of my thesis I arranged several experiments to elaborate additional aspects which could affect the behaviour of horses during introductions. In this study I could describe a simplified method for measuring stress through the analysis of faecal GCMs in horses. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for 11-oxoaetiocholanolone using 11-oxoaetiocholanolone-17-CMO: BSA (3?,11-oxo-A EIA) as antigen showed high amounts of immunoreactive substances. The new assay increases the accuracy of the test and lowers the expenses per sample; also storing of samples at room temperature after collection is less critical. This is a big advantage both in the field of wildlife management of equids and in the field of equestrian sports (chapter 1). Comparing the different introduction techniques, the introduction with an integration horse led to significantly less total interactions and lower levels of aggression than the introduction of single horses, both immediately and after several days of observing the new group. Additionally, by observing the behaviour of the horses during everyday sociality I could develop a formula describing the interrelationship between expected aggression level and enclosure size per horse. The curve takes an exponential shape. Starting from a space allowance of 300 m2 and more per horse, the amount of aggressions per hour approaches zero. For the reduction of aggression levels and injury risks in socially kept horses I recommend an enclosure size of at least 300 m2 per horse (chapter 2). I further investigated the stress level of the introduced animals. Horses which were immediately introduced did not show elevated faecal GCMs. In contrast, horses which were introduced after an observation period had slightly elevated values 2 and 3 days after the introduction. For horses introduced together with an integration horse faecal GCMs were significantly above the baseline value on the day of introduction and 1 day after it. These differences between introduction techniques indicate that the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. Rather standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses (chapter 3). In the commentary of chapter 4 several studies are discussed which failed to demonstrate social learning in horses. It is argued that they did not consider important aspects which could have an influence, such as the dominance status or the social background of the horses (chapter 4). In chapter 5 a social feeding situation was investigated. The social rank as well as the position of conspecifics affected the feeding strategy of horses. Domestic horses used social cognition and strategic decision making in order to decide where to feed. When possible they tended to return to the same, continuously supplied feeding site and switched to an ?avoidance tendency? in the presence of dominant horses or when another horse was already feeding there (chapter 5). One possibility to recognize group members is through olfactory recognition. In chapter 6 it is shown that horses are able to distinguish their own from their conspecifics? faeces. In addition, they paid most attention to the faeces of those group members from which they received the highest amount of aggressive behaviour (chapter 6). Horses show cognitive abilities because they are able to use humans as local enhancement cues when searching for food, independently of their body posture or gaze consistency when the persons face them. Moreover, they seem to orientate on the attention of familiar persons more than of unfamiliar persons (chapter 7). Altogether, the results of this thesis provide further support for the view that horses show good conflict resolution strategies. They are perfectly able to deal with the conflict situation of being introduced to new group members, and the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. It is rather suggested that standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses. All additional experimental set-ups could demonstrate that horses are well capable of social cognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ epub18463			Serial	5736
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	Author	Van Schaik, C.P.; Burkart, J.M.
	Title	Social learning and evolution: the cultural intelligence hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Philos Trans R Soc B	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	366	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Schaik2011			Serial	6227
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	Author	Van Horik, J.; Emery, N.
	Title	Evolution of cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Horik2011			Serial	6230
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