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Bourjade, M.; Moulinot, M.; Henry, S.; Richard-Yris, M.-A. Hausberger.M |
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Could Adults be Used to Improve Social Skills of Young Horses, Equus caballus? |
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2008 |
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Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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50 |
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4 |
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408-417 |
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horse • social influence • young-adult interaction • social development |
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We investigated the effects of the introduction of foreign adults on the behavior of young horses. First, we observed the behavior of 1- and 2-year-old domestic horses housed in same-age and same-sex groups (a standard housing system, but different from a natural situation). Then, two same-sex adults were introduced into each experimental group. Observations made before, during and after an introduction indicated that young horses reared in homogeneous groups of young had different behaviors compared to other domestic horses reared under more socially natural conditions. After the introduction of adults, young horses expressed new behaviors, preferential social associations emerged, positive social behavior increased and agonistic interactions decreased. These results have important implications both for understanding the influence that adults may have on the behavior of young horses, and in terms of husbandry, indicating the importance of keeping young horses with adults, although further studies are still necessary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 408-417, 2008. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4800 |
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De Cremer, D.; van Dijk, E. |
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Leader--Follower Effects in Resource Dilemmas: The Roles of Leadership Selection and Social Responsibility |
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2008 |
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Group Processes Intergroup Relations |
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11 |
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3 |
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355-369 |
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followers, leadership selection, resource allocations, resource dilemmas, social responsibility |
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Previous research on the allocation of scarce resources shows that when people are assigned labels of leader or follower in their group, leaders allocate more of the scarce resources to themselves than followers do. In three laboratory studies, we examine the idea that how people are selected for the leader role (i.e. election or appointment) determines whether leaders take more or equal shares (relative to followers) from a common resource. In a first experiment, we show that participants were more accepting of norm violating behavior by an appointed versus elected leader. In a second experiment, we show that when participants were assigned to a leader or follower role, allocations of appointed leaders differed significantly from those of elected leaders and followers, whereas there was no difference between the two latter conditions. Moreover, elected leaders were shown to feel more social responsibility than both appointed leaders and followers. In a final experiment, we show that when participants were primed with the concept of social responsibility (relative to a neutral condition) no difference in allocations between appointed and elected leaders emerged. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4805 |
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Bertolucci, C.; Giannetto, C.; Fazio, F.; Piccione, G. |
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Seasonal variations in daily rhythms of activity in athletic horses |
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2008 |
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Animal |
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Animal |
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2 |
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07 |
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1055-1060 |
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Circadian rhythms reflect extensive programming of biological activity that meets and exploits the challenges and opportunities offered by the periodic nature of the environment. In the present investigation, we recorded the total activity of athletic horses kept at four different times of the year (vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice), to evaluate the presence of seasonal variations of daily activity rhythms. Athletic Thoroughbred horses were kept in individual boxes with paddock. Digitally integrated measure of total activity of each mare was continuously recorded by actigraphy-based data loggers. Horse total activities were not evenly distributed over the day, but they were mainly diurnal during the year. Daily activity rhythms showed clear seasonal variations, with the highest daily amount of activity during the vernal equinox and the lowest during the winter solstice. Interestingly, the amount of activity during either photophase or scotophase changed significantly throughout the year. Circadian analysis of horse activities showed that the acrophase, the estimated time at which the peak of the rhythm occurs, did not change during the year, it always occurred in the middle of the photoperiod. Analysing the time structure of long-term and continuously measured activity and feeding could be a useful method to critically evaluate athletic horse management systems in which spontaneous locomotor activity and feeding are severely limited. Circadian rhythms are present in several elements of sensory motor and psychomotor functions and these would be taken into consideration to plan the training schedules and competitions in athletic horses. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4823 |
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Parker, M.; Redhead, E.S.; Goodwin, D.; McBride, S.D. |
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Impaired instrumental choice in crib-biting horses (Equus caballus) |
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2008 |
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Behavioural Brain Research |
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Behav. Brain. Res. |
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191 |
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1 |
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137-140 |
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Horse; Stereotypy; Striatum; Dopamine; Concurrent-chain schedules; Choice |
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Horses displaying an oral stereotypy were tested on an instrumental choice paradigm to examine differences in learning from non-stereotypic counterparts. Stereotypic horses are known to have dysfunction of the dorsomedial striatum, and lesion studies have shown that this region may mediate response-outcome learning. The paradigm was specifically applied in order to examine learning that requires maintenance of response-outcome judgements. The non-stereotypic horses learned, over three sessions, to choose a more immediate reinforcer, whereas the stereotypic horses failed to do so. This suggests an initial behavioural correlate for dorsomedial striatum dysregulation in the stereotypy phenotype. |
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0166-4328 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4830 |
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Subiaul, F.; Vonk, J.; Okamoto-Barth, S.; Barth, J. |
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Do chimpanzees learn reputation by observation? Evidence from direct and indirect experience with generous and selfish strangers |
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2008 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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4 |
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611-623 |
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Abstract  Can chimpanzees learn the reputation of strangers indirectly by observation? Or are such stable behavioral attributions made exclusively by first-person interactions? To address this question, we let seven chimpanzees observe unfamiliar humans either consistently give (generous donor) or refuse to give (selfish donor) food to a familiar human recipient (Experiments 1 and 2) and a conspecific (Experiment 3). While chimpanzees did not initially prefer to beg for food from the generous donor (Experiment 1), after continued opportunities to observe the same behavioral exchanges, four chimpanzees developed a preference for gesturing to the generous donor (Experiment 2), and transferred this preference to novel unfamiliar donor pairs, significantly preferring to beg from the novel generous donors on the first opportunity to do so. In Experiment 3, four chimpanzees observed novel selfish and generous acts directed toward other chimpanzees by human experimenters. During the first half of testing, three chimpanzees exhibited a preference for the novel generous donor on the first trial. These results demonstrate that chimpanzees can infer the reputation of strangers by eavesdropping on third-party interactions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4837 |
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Fraser, N.O.; Schino,G.; Aureli, F.F |
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Title |
Components of Relationship Quality in Chimpanzees |
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2008 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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114 |
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9 |
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834-843 |
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A novel approach to studying social relationships in captive adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was taken by using principal components analysis (PCA) to extract three key components of relationship quality from nine behavioural variables. Based on the loadings of the behavioural variables, the components appeared to match previously hypothesized critical aspects of social relationships and were therefore labelled Value, Compatibility and Security. The effects of kinship, sex combination, age difference and time spent together on each of the relationship quality components were analysed. As expected, kin were found to have more valuable, compatible and secure relationships than non-kin. Female2013female dyads were found to be more compatible than male2013male or mixed-sex dyads, whereas the latter were found to be most secure. Partners of a similar age were found to have more secure and more valuable relationships than those with a larger age gap. Individuals that were together in the group for longer were more valuable and more compatible, but their relationships were found to be less secure than individuals that were together in the group for a shorter time. Although some of the results may be unexpected based on chimpanzee socio-ecology, they fit well overall with the history and social dynamics of the study group. The methods used confer a significant advantage in producing quantitative composite measures of each component of relationship quality, obtained in an objective manner. These findings therefore promote the use of such measures in future studies requiring an assessment of the qualities of dyadic social relationships. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4936 |
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Dacke, M.; Srinivasan, M. |
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Evidence for counting in insects |
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2008 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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4 |
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683-689 |
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Abstract  Here we investigate the counting ability in honeybees by training them to receive a food reward after they have passed a specific number of landmarks. The distance to the food reward is varied frequently and randomly, whilst keeping the number of intervening landmarks constant. Thus, the bees cannot identify the food reward in terms of its distance from the hive. We find that bees can count up to four objects, when they are encountered sequentially during flight. Furthermore, bees trained in this way are able count novel objects, which they have never previously encountered, thus demonstrating that they are capable of object-independent counting. A further experiment reveals that the counting ability that the bees display in our experiments is primarily sequential in nature. It appears that bees can navigate to food sources by maintaining a running count of prominent landmarks that are passed en route, provided this number does not exceed four. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4938 |
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Götz, C. |
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Praxishandbuch Freispringen: Gymnastik – Training – Abwechslung |
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2008 |
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80 |
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Aus dem Inhalt:
* Warum Freispringen?
* Die Ausstattung
* Der Ablauf
* Sehen lernen
* Freispringen aufbauen
* Fehler korrigieren
Kurzbeschreibung
In vielen größeren Reitställen wird das Freispringen von den dortigen Ausbildern für die untergestellten Pferde angeboten. Doch auch in Eigenregie und auf kleineren Anlagen – sowohl in der Halle als auch auf dem Reitplatz – lässt sich das Freispringen organisieren und durchführen. Es bringt Abwechslung in den Trainingsalltag von Pferden aller Rassen und Reitweisen und hat auch für Pferde, die unter dem Sattel nicht springen müssen, einen hervorragenden gymnastizierenden Effekt. Für Springpferde gehört das Freispringen zu einem durchdachten Trainingskonzept zwingend dazu – lernen sie hierbei doch, Selbstvertrauen und Routine zu gewinnen und ihre Springtechnik zu verbessern. Voraussetzung ist, dass die Menschen, die das Freispringen durchführen, die Hindernisse sachkundig aufbauen, die Pferde richtig vorbereiten und den Ablauf des Freispringens den Fähigkeiten des jeweiligen Kandidaten entsprechend gestalten. Das notwendige Handwerkszeug hierfür liefert ihnen dieses verständlich geschriebene und mit vielen erläuternden Bildern und Bildabfolgen versehene Buch.
Über den Autor
Claudia Götz, geboren 1965, ist Diplomjournalistin und arbeitet unter anderem als Sachbuchautorin. Als Matrix-Rhythmus-Therapeutin verfügt sie über umfangreiches Wissen rund um Anatomie und Physiologie der Muskulatur und bildet sich zum Beispiel im Bereich Trainingslehre regelmäßig weiter. Die Berittführerin FN und begeisterte Vielseitigkeits- und Freizeitreiterin lebt in der Nähe von Regensburg. |
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Cadmos Verlag |
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Brunsbek |
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978-3861274476 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4954 |
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Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. |
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Title |
Comparing Networks |
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2008 |
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Exploring Animal Social Networks |
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141-162 |
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Social network analysis is used widely in the social sciences to study interactions among people, groups, and organizations, yet until now there has been no book that shows behavioral biologists how to apply it to their work on animal populations. Exploring Animal Social Networks provides a practical guide for researchers, undergraduates, and graduate students in ecology, evolutionary biology, animal behavior, and zoology.
Existing methods for studying animal social structure focus either on one animal and its interactions or on the average properties of a whole population. This book enables researchers to probe animal social structure at all levels, from the individual to the population. No prior knowledge of network theory is assumed. The authors give a step-by-step introduction to the different procedures and offer ideas for designing studies, collecting data, and interpreting results. They examine some of today's most sophisticated statistical tools for social network analysis and show how they can be used to study social interactions in animals, including cetaceans, ungulates, primates, insects, and fish. Drawing from an array of techniques, the authors explore how network structures influence individual behavior and how this in turn influences, and is influenced by, behavior at the population level. Throughout, the authors use two software packages--UCINET and NETDRAW--to illustrate how these powerful analytical tools can be applied to different animal social organizations.
Darren P. Croft is lecturer in animal behavior at the University of Wales, Bangor. Richard James is senior lecturer in physics at the University of Bath. Jens Krause is professor of behavioral ecology at the University of Leeds.
Reviews:
“Exploring Animal Social Networks shows behavioral biologists how to apply social network theory to animal populations. In doing so, Croft, James, and Krause illustrate the connections between an animal's individual behaviors and how these, in turn, influence and are influenced by behavior at the population level. . . . Valuable for readers interested in using quantitative analyses to study animal social behaviors.”--Choice
“[T]his volume provides an engaging, accessible, and timely introduction to the use of network theory methods for examining the social behavior of animals.”--Noa Pinter-Wollman, Quarterly Review of Biology
“The book is a useful 'handbook' providing detailed, stepwise procedures sufficient to allow the reader to address a broad range of questions about social interactions. . . . The book includes numerous examples of the kind of research questions one might ask, and, thus, it allows the reader to find the analysis that best fits the data set to be analyzed. Thus, even readers with minimal prior knowledge of social network analysis will be able to apply this approach. And if further assistance is needed, the authors provide numerous references to specific procedures that have been used by others.”--Thomas R. Zentall, PsycCRITIQUES
Endorsements:
“An important and timely addition to the literature. This book should be readily accessible to researchers who are interested in animal social organization but who have little or no experience in conducting network analysis. The book is well-written in an engaging style and contains a good number of examples drawn from a range of taxonomic groups.”--Paul R. Moorcroft, Harvard University
More Endorsements
Table of Contents:
Preface vii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Social Networks 1
Chapter 2: Data Collection 19
Chapter 3: Visual Exploration 42
Chapter 4: Node-Based Measures 64
Chapter 5: Statistical Tests of Node-Based Measures 88
Chapter 6: Searching for Substructures 117
Chapter 7: Comparing Networks 141
Chapter 8: Conclusions 163
Glossary of Frequently Used Terms 173
References 175
Index 187
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* Biological Sciences |
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Princton University Press |
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Princeton, NY |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4955 |
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Udell, M.A.R.; Dorey, N.R.; Wynne, C.D.L. |
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Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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76 |
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6 |
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1767-1773 |
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Canis familiaris; Canis lupus; dog; dog shelter; domestication; momentary distal point; object choice; social cognition; wolf |
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Domestic dogs, Canis familiaris, have been shown capable of finding hidden food by following pointing gestures made with different parts of the human body. However, previous studies have reported that hand-reared wolves, C. lupus, fail to locate hidden food in response to similar points in the absence of extensive training. The failure of wolves to perform this task has led to the proposal that the ability to understand others' intentions is a derived character in dogs, not present in the ancestral population (wolves). Here we show that wolves, given the right rearing environment and daily interaction with humans, can use momentary distal human pointing cues to find food without training, whereas dogs tested outdoors and dogs at an animal shelter do not follow the same human points. In line with past studies, pet dogs tested indoors were successful in following these points. We also show that the reported failure of wolves in some past studies may be due to differences in the testing environment. Our findings indicate that domestication is not a prerequisite for human-like social cognition in canids, and show the need for additional research on the role of rearing conditions and environmental factors in the development of higher-level cognitive abilities. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4964 |
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