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Author |
Nissani, M. |
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Title |
Do Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) apply causal reasoning to tool-use tasks? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
91-96 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Operant; *Decision Making; Discrimination (Psychology); Elephants; Female |
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Abstract |
Two experiments addressed contradictory claims about causal reasoning in elephants. In Experiment 1, 4 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were pretrained to remove a lid from the top of a bucket and retrieve a food reward. Subsequently, in the first 5 critical trials, when the lid was placed alongside the bucket and no longer obstructed access to the reward, each elephant continued to remove the lid before retrieving the reward. Experiment 2, which involved 11 additional elephants and variations of the original design, yielded similarly counterintuitive observations. Although the results are open to alternative interpretations, they appear more consistent with associative learning than with causal reasoning. Future applications of Fabrean methodologies (J. H. Fabre, 1915) to animal cognition are proposed. |
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Departmetn of Interdisciplinary Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. moti.nissani@wayne.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435969 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2763 |
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Author |
Katz, J.S.; Wright, A.A. |
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Title |
Same/different abstract-concept learning by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
80-86 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning |
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Abstract |
Eight pigeons were trained and tested in a simultaneous same/different task. After pecking an upper picture, they pecked a lower picture to indicate same or a white rectangle to indicate different. Increases in the training set size from 8 to 1,024 items produced improved transfer from 51.3% to 84.6%. This is the first evidence that pigeons can perform a two-item same/different task as accurately with novel items as training items and both above 80% correct. Fixed-set control groups ruled out training time or transfer testing as producing the high level of abstract-concept learning. Comparisons with similar experiments with rhesus and capuchin monkeys showed that the ability to learn the same/different abstract concept was similar but that pigeons require more training exemplars. |
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Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. katzjef@auburn.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435967 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2764 |
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Author |
Vlamings, P.H.J.M.; Uher, J.; Call, J. |
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Title |
How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-70 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Food; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; *Learning; Male; Pan paniscus/*psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/*psychology; *Visual Perception |
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S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible. |
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Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. p.vlamings@psychology.unimaas.nl |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435965 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2765 |
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Author |
Fabrega, H.J. |
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Title |
Making sense of behavioral irregularities of great apes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1260-73; discussion 1274-7 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Evolution; Hominidae/*physiology; Humans; Mental Disorders/*physiopathology; Neurosciences; *Psychopathology; Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Psychopathology, mental illness, and psychiatric treatment are concepts relevant to modern medicine and medical psychology and replete with cumbersome intellectual and literary baggage. They bear the imprint of suppositions, world views, and general beliefs and values exemplified in the science, history, and general culture of Anglo European societies. The study in higher apes of phenomena addressed by such concepts raises conceptual dilemmas, usually termed speciesism and anthropomorphism, not unlike those encountered in comparative human studies of similar phenomena across cultures and historical periods, namely, ethnocentrism and anachronism. The authors' synthesis of literature and their analysis of the implications of higher ape psychopathology represent an epistemically compelling account that broadens the scope of the comparative study of behavioral irregularities, a topic that provides a different slant for examining challenging questions in evolutionary biology and primatology, such as cognition, self awareness, intentional behavior, culture and behavioral traditions, social intelligence, sickness and healing, and altruism. Theoretical and empirical study of this topic expands formulation and can help provide informative answers about human evolution as well as essential features of human psychiatric syndromes, with potential practical implications. The study of psychopathology of higher apes and other non human primates represents an appropriate focus for neuroscience and bio-behavioral sciences. |
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Department of Psychiatry and Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3811 Ohara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. hfabregajr@adelphia.net |
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0149-7634 |
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Notes |
PMID:17079015 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2802 |
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Author |
Heschl, A.; Burkart, J. |
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Title |
A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
187-198 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Callithrix/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Female; Male; Photic Stimulation; *Self Concept |
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Abstract |
For 30 years Gallup's (Science 167:86-87, 1970) mark test, which consists of confronting a mirror-experienced test animal with its own previously altered mirror image, usually a color mark on forehead, eyebrow or ear, has delivered valuable results about the distribution of visual self-recognition in non-human primates. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans and, less frequently, gorillas can learn to correctly understand the reflection of their body in a mirror. However, the standard version of the mark test is good only for positively proving the existence of self-recognition. Conclusive statements about the lack of self-recognition are more difficult because of the methodological constraints of the test. This situation has led to a persistent controversy about the power of Gallup's original technique. We devised a new variant of the test which permits more unequivocal decisions about both the presence and absence of self-recognition. This new procedure was tested with marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), following extensive training with mirror-related tasks to facilitate performance in the standard mark test. The results show that a slightly altered mark test with a new marking substance (chocolate cream) can help to reliably discriminate between true negative results, indicating a real lack of ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, from false negative results that are due to methodological particularities of the standard test. Finally, an evolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to why many primates can use a mirror instrumentally – i.e. know how to use it for grasping at hidden objects – while failing in the decisive mark test. |
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Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, 3422, Altenberg, Austria. adolf.heschl@uni-graz.at |
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0032-8332 |
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PMID:16432640 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2810 |
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Author |
Wich, S.A.; de Vries, H. |
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Title |
Male monkeys remember which group members have given alarm calls |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume |
273 |
Issue |
1587 |
Pages |
735-740 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology/*psychology; Cognition/physiology; Fear/physiology/*psychology; Female; Indonesia; Male; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology |
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Primates give alarm calls in response to the presence of predators. In some species, such as the Thomas langur (Presbytis thomasi), males only emit alarm calls if there is an audience. An unanswered question is whether the audience's behaviour influences how long the male will continue his alarm calling. We tested three hypotheses that might explain the alarm calling duration of male Thomas langurs: the fatigue, group size and group member behaviour hypotheses. Fatigue and group size did not influence male alarm calling duration. We found that males only ceased calling shortly after all individuals in his group had given at least one alarm call. This shows that males keep track of and thus remember which group members have called. |
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Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.a.wich@bio.uu.nl |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:16608694 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2816 |
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Author |
Rizzolatti, G.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V. |
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Title |
Mirrors of the mind |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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295 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
54-61 |
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Animals; Brain/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Emotions/physiology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Recognition (Psychology); Sensation/physiology |
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Neurosciences Department, University of Parma, Italy |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:17076084 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2829 |
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Author |
Van Schaik, C. |
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Title |
Why are some animals so smart? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
294 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
64-71 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Culture; Environment; Equipment and Supplies; Evolution; Indonesia; *Intelligence; Learning; Pongo pygmaeus/*physiology; Social Behavior |
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Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:16596881 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2830 |
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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
Animal cognition. Man's best friend(s) reveal the possible roots of social intelligence |
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2006 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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312 |
Issue |
5781 |
Pages |
1737 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Comprehension; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; *Evolution; *Intelligence; *Social Behavior |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:16794056 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2835 |
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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
Animal cognition. Social animals prove their smarts |
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2006 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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312 |
Issue |
5781 |
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1734-1738 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Birds; *Cognition; Comprehension; Cues; Food; Hominidae/*psychology; *Intelligence; Learning; Memory; *Social Behavior |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:16794055 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2836 |
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