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	Author	O'Connell, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	The perception of causality in chimpanzees (Pan spp.)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	60-66
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Awareness; Concept Formation; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan spp.) were tested on a habituation/dishabituation paradigm that was originally developed to test for comprehension of causality in very young human infants. Three versions of the test were used: a food item being moved by a hand, a human pushing another human off a chair to obtain a food item, and a film clip of natural chimpanzee behaviour (capturing and eating a monkey). Chimpanzees exhibited similar results to those obtained with human infants, with significantly elevated levels of looking on the dishabituation trials. Since the level of response was significantly greater on natural/unnatural sequences than on unnatural/natural sequences, we conclude that the chimpanzees were not responding just to novelty but rather to events that infringed their sense of natural causation.
	Address	Evolutionary Psychology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15322943			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2514
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	Author	Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Responses to a simple barter task in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	46	Issue	3	Pages	173-182
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Choice Behavior/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Learning/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Reward; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; *Token Economy
	Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) frequently participate in social exchange involving multiple goods and services of variable value, yet they have not been tested in a formalized situation to see whether they can barter using multiple tokens and rewards. We set up a simple barter economy with two tokens and two associated rewards and tested chimpanzees on their ability to obtain rewards by returning the matching token in situations in which their access to tokens was unlimited or limited. Chimpanzees easily learned to associate value with the tokens, as expected, and did barter, but followed a simple strategy of favoring the higher-value token, regardless of the reward proffered, instead of a more complex but more effective strategy of returning the token that matched the reward. This response is similar to that shown by capuchin monkeys in our previous study. We speculate that this response, while not ideal, may be sufficient to allow for stability of the social exchange system in these primates, and that the importance of social barter to both species may have led to this convergence of strategies.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15824938			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	167
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	Author	Cooper, J.J.; Albentosa, M.J.
	Title	Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Livestock Production Science	Abbreviated Journal	Livest. Prod. Sci.
	Volume	92	Issue	2	Pages	177-182
	Keywords	Behavioural adaptation; Horse; Stereotypic behaviour
	Abstract	Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0301-6226	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4829
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	Author	Hanggi, E.B.
	Title	The Thinking Horse: Cognition and Perception			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	International Veterinary Information Service	Abbreviated Journal	AAEP
	Volume	51	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Cognition and perception in horses has often been misunderstood. Not only in the past but even today, people proclaim that horses react only by instinct, that they are just conditioned-response animals, that they lack advanced cognitive ability, and that they have poor visual capabilities (e.g., acuity, color vision, depth perception). Until relatively recently, there was little scientific evidence to address such beliefs. Change, however, is underway as scientific and public interest in all aspects of equine learning and perception intensifies. A review of the scientific literature, as well as practical experience, shows that horses excel at simpler forms of learning such as classical and operant conditioning, which is not surprising considering their trainability when these principles and practices are applied. Furthermore, horses have shown ease in stimulus generalization and discrimination learning. Most recently and unexpected by many, horses have solved advanced cognitive challenges involving categorization learning and some degree of concept formation. A comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and perceptual abilities of horses is necessary to ensure that this species receives proper training, handling, management, and care.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	465
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	Author	Quesada, J; Kintsch, W.; Gomez, E.
	Title	Complex problem-solving: a field in search of a definition?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science	Abbreviated Journal	Theor Issues Ergon Sci
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	5-33
	Keywords	Problem solving; Dynamic decision making; Micro-worlds; Expertise
	Abstract	Complex problem-solving (CPS) is as an area of cognitive science that has received a good amount of attention, but theories in the field have not progressed accordingly. The reasons could be the lack of good definitions and classifications of the tasks (taxonomies). Although complexity is a term used pervasively in psychology and is operationalized in different ways, there are no psychological theories of complexity. The definition of problem-solving has been changed in the past to reflect the varied interests of the researchers and has lost its initial concreteness. These two facts together make it difficult to define CPS or make clear if CPS should reuse the theory and methods of classical problem-solving or on the contrary should build a theoretical structure starting from scratch. A taxonomy is offered of tasks using both formal features and psychological features that are theory-independent that could help compare the CPS tasks used in the literature. The adequateness is also reviewed of the most extended definitions of CPS and conclude that they are in serious need of review, since they cover tasks that are not considered problem-solving by their own authors or are not complex, but ignore others that should clearly be included.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Taylor and Francis Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	604
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Flack, J.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C.
	Title	Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	The American Naturalist	Abbreviated Journal	Am Nat
	Volume	165	Issue	5	Pages	E126-139
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1537-5323	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15795848			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	168
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	Author	Flack, J.C.; Krakauer, D.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Robustness mechanisms in primate societies: a perturbation study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	272	Issue	1568	Pages	1091-1099
	Keywords	Aggression/physiology; Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Hierarchy, Social; Macaca nemestrina/physiology; Male; Models, Theoretical; Observation; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Conflict management mechanisms have a direct, critical effect on system robustness because they mitigate conflict intensity and help repair damaged relationships. However, robustness mechanisms can also have indirect effects on system integrity by facilitating interactions among components. We explore the indirect role that conflict management mechanisms play in the maintenance of social system robustness, using a perturbation technique to 'knockout' components responsible for effective conflict management. We explore the effects of knockout on pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) social organization, using a captive group of 84 individuals. This system is ideal in addressing this question because there is heterogeneity in performance of conflict management. Consequently, conflict managers can be easily removed without disrupting other control structures. We find that powerful conflict managers are essential in maintaining social order for the benefit of all members of society. We show that knockout of components responsible for conflict management results in system destabilization by significantly increasing mean levels of conflict and aggression, decreasing socio-positive interaction and decreasing the operation of repair mechanisms.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, NM 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16024369			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	165
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	Author	Podlog, L.; Eklund, R.C.
	Title	Return to Sport after Serious Injury: A Retrospective Examination of Motivation and Psychological Outcomes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Sport Rehabilitation	Abbreviated Journal	Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
	Volume	14	Issue	1	Pages	20-34
	Keywords
	Abstract	Context: It is argued in self-determination theory that the motivation underlying behavior has implications for health and well-being independent of the behavior itself. Objective: To examine associations between athlete motivations for returning to sport after injury and perceived psychological return-to-sport outcomes. Design: A correlational survey design was employed to obtain data in Canada, Australia, and England. Participants: Elite and subelite athletes (N = 180) with injuries requiring a minimum 2-month absence from sport participation. Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed an inventory measuring perceptions of motivation to return to sport from a serious injury and psychological return-to-sport outcomes. Results: Correlational analyses revealed that intrinsic motivations for returning to competition were associated with a positive renewed perspective on sport participation. Conversely, extrinsic motivations for returning to sport were associated with increased worry and concern. Conclusions: The motivation underlying return to sport might play an important role in return-to-sport perceptions among elite and subelite athletes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Human Kinetics	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1056-6716	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1123/jsr.14.1.20			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6390
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	Author	Piccione, G.; Caola, G.; Refinetti, R.
	Title	Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology	Abbreviated Journal	Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol
	Volume	142	Issue	4	Pages	389-396
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Glucose/physiology; Body Temperature/physiology; Circadian Rhythm/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology; Melatonin/blood/physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Rectum/physiology; Sheep/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	Daily or circadian oscillation has been documented in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. Although individual variables have been studied in great detail, very few studies have been conducted on the temporal relationships between the rhythms of different variables. It is not known whether the circadian pacemaker generates each and every rhythm individually or whether most rhythms are simply derived from a few clock-controlled rhythms. As a first step in elucidating this issue, 21 physiological variables were recorded simultaneously in horse and sheep. The results indicated that, in both species, different variables exhibit different degrees of daily rhythmicity and reach their daily peaks at different times of the day. The variables exhibiting strongest rhythmicity were locomotor activity, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of melatonin and glucose. Comparison of rhythmicity and acrophase in the various rhythms allowed inferences to be made about mechanisms of causation.
	Address	Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-6433	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16290083			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1884
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	Author	Ward, M.P.; Ramsay, B.H.; Gallo, K.
	Title	Rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	181-188
	Keywords	Animals; Biomass; Cluster Analysis; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Ecology; Geographic Information Systems; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Indiana/epidemiology; Plants; Population Surveillance; Rural Health; Seasons; Topography, Medical/methods; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/veterinary
	Abstract	Data from an outbreak (August to October, 2002) of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalomyelitis in a population of horses located in northern Indiana was scanned for clusters in time and space. One significant (p = 0.04) cluster of case premises was detected, occurring between September 4 and 10 in the south-west part of the study area (85.70 degrees N, 45.50 degrees W). It included 10 case premises (3.67 case premises expected) within a radius of 2264 m. Image data were acquired by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor onboard a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellite. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from visible and near-infrared data of daily observations, which were composited to produce a weekly-1km(2) resolution raster image product. During the epidemic, a significant (p < 0.01) decrease (0.025 per week) in estimated NDVI was observed at all case and control premise sites. The median estimated NDVI (0.659) for case premises within the cluster identified was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than the median estimated NDVI for other case (0.571) and control (0.596) premises during the same period. The difference in median estimated NDVI for case premises within this cluster, compared to cases not included in this cluster, was greatest (5.3% and 5.1%, respectively) at 1 and 5 weeks preceding occurrence of the cluster. The NDVI may be useful for identifying foci of WNV transmission.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. mward@cvm.tamu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-3667	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16011435			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2627
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