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Miyashita, Y.; Nakajima, S.; Imada, H. |
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Title |
Differential outcome effect in the horse. |
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2000 |
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Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
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J Exp Anal Behav |
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74 |
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2 |
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245-253. |
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hree horses were trained with a discrimination task in which the color (blue or yellow) of a center panel signaled the correct (left or right) response (lever press). Reinforcing outcomes for the two correct color-position combinations (blue-left and yellow-right) were varied across phases. Discrimination performance was better when the combinations were differentially reinforced by two types of food (chopped carrot pieces and a solid food pellet) than when the combinations were randomly reinforced by these outcomes or when there was a common reinforcer for each of the correct combinations. However, the discrimination performance established by the differential outcome procedure was still 80% to 90% correct, and an analysis of two-trial sequences revealed that the stimulus color of the preceding trial interfered with discrimination performance on a given trial. Our demonstration of the differential outcome effect in the horse and its further analysis might contribute to more efficient control of equine behavior in the laboratory as well as in horse sports. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3579 |
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Vervaecke, H.; de Vries, H.; van Elsacker, L. |
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Title |
The Pivotal Role Of Rank In Grooming And Support Behavior In A Captive Group Of Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) |
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2000 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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137 |
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11 |
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1463-1485 |
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We investigated dyadic grooming relationships in a captive group of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and questioned what social function grooming fulfils in the 'market of services and favors'. Hereto we examined which of two theoretical models – grooming for support (Seyfarth, 1977, 1980) or grooming according to the similarity principle (de Waal & Luttrell, 1986) – best accounted for the observed grooming distribution. Similarity in traits did not correlate with increased grooming or close proximity among the individuals. Therefore, the similarity hypothesis was rejected. Seyfarth's model of rank-related grooming was largely confirmed. The animals distributed their grooming according to the rank of the receivers. We found an exchange between grooming and receipt of support. There was more grooming up than down the hierarchy. However, not all predictions about rank-related competition over grooming were confirmed. We found that dyadic grooming reciprocity indeed increased with decreasing rank distance. Yet, there was no increase of grooming within the dyad with decreasing rank distance and high ranking individuals were not competed over at the highest rates. The observed correlation between grooming and support received represents an important fit with Seyfarth's prediction, but does not allow for conclusions about underlying causal processes. Other causal explanations, besides the 'groom to receive support' hypothesis, that could explain a similar correlation are discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2196 |
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McLean, I.G.; Schmitt, N.T.; Jarman, P.J.; Duncan, C.; Wynne, C.D.L. |
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Learning For Life: Training Marsupials To Recognise Introduced Predators |
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2000 |
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Behaviour |
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Behaviour |
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137 |
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10 |
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1361-1376 |
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Raising endangered species in captivity for reintroduction necessarily results in animals that lack appropriate skills for coping with problems to be faced in the wild, such as predators. Using classical conditioning techniques involving linking fear of a live dog with the image of a fox, we demonstrate an adjusted fear response for two wallaby species (rufous bettongs Aepyprymnus rufescens, quokkas Setonix brachyurus). No differences in response to the fox were found for wild-caught and captive-born bettongs, even though wild-caught subjects were likely to have encountered canids prior to capture. Attempts to condition a fear response by quokkas to an odour were unsuccessful. An attempt to induce fear of the stuffed fox by linking to fear of humans in quokkas was unsuccessful, but quokkas generalised from fear of the dog to fear of the fox, despite a delay of several weeks. Trained dogs offer a valuable and ethically acceptable mechanism for improving the ability of captive-reared (or sequestered) animals to recognise and cope with predators. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2282 |
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Linklater, W.L. |
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Title |
Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology: lessons from the Equidae |
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2000 |
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Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
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Biol. Rev. |
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75 |
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1 |
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1-20 |
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*Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Ecology; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Male; Phylogeny |
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Socio-ecological explanations for intra- and interspecific variation in the social and spatial organization of animals predominate in the scientific literature. The socio-ecological model, developed first for the Bovidae and Cervidae, is commonly applied more widely to other groups including the Equidae. Intraspecific comparisons are particularly valuable because they allow the role of environment and demography on social and spatial organization to be understood while controlling for phylogeny or morphology which confound interspecific comparisons. Feral horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758) populations with different demography inhabit a range of environments throughout the world. I use 56 reports to obtain 23 measures or characteristics of the behaviour and the social and spatial organization of 19 feral horse populations in which the environment, demography, management, research effort and sample size are also described. Comparison shows that different populations had remarkably similar social and spatial organization and that group sizes and composition, and home range sizes varied as much within as between populations. I assess the few exceptions to uniformity and conclude that they are due to the attributes of the studies themselves, particularly to poor definition of terms and inadequate empiricism, rather than to the environment or demography per se. Interspecific comparisons show that equid species adhere to their different social and spatial organizations despite similarities in their environments and even when species are sympatric. Furthermore, equid male territoriality has been ill-defined in previous studies, observations presented as evidence of territoriality are also found in non-territorial equids, and populations of supposedly territorial species demonstrate female defence polygyny. Thus, territoriality may not be a useful categorization in the Equidae. Moreover, although equid socio-ecologists have relied on the socio-ecological model derived from the extremely diverse Bovidae and Cervidae for explanations of variation in equine society, the homomorphic, but large and polygynous, and monogeneric Equidae do not support previous socio-ecological explanations for relationships between body size, mating system and sexual dimorphism in ungulates. Consequently, in spite of the efforts of numerous authors during the past two decades, functional explanations of apparent differences in feral horse and equid social and spatial organization and behaviour based on assumptions of their current utility in the environmental or demographic context remain unconvincing. Nevertheless, differences in social cohesion between species that are insensitive to intra- and interspecific variation in habitat and predation pressure warrant explanation. Thus, I propose alternative avenues of inquiry including testing for species-specific differences in inter-individual aggression and investigating the role of phylogenetic constraints in equine society. The Equidae are evidence of the relative importance of phylogeny and biological structure, and unimportance of the present-day environment, in animal behaviour and social and spatial organization. |
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Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
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English |
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1464-7931 |
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PMID:10740891 |
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2024 |
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Ronald J. Schusterman; Colleen J. Reichmuth; David Kastak |
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Title |
How Animals Classify Friends and Foes |
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2000 |
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Current Directions in Psychological Science |
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Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
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9 |
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1-6 |
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3477 |
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Roels, S.; Tilmant, K.; Van Daele, A.; Van Marck, E.; Ducatelle, R. |
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Proliferation, DNA ploidy, p53 overexpression and nuclear DNA fragmentation in six equine melanocytic tumours |
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2000 |
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Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A |
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47 |
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439-438 |
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2016 |
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Oakenfull, E.A.; Lim, H.; Ryder, O. |
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A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus |
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2000 |
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Conservation Genetics |
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Conservat Genet |
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1 |
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4 |
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341-355 |
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The evolution, taxonomy and conservation of the genus Equuswere investigated by examining the mitochondrial DNA sequences of thecontrol region and 12S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of thesesequences provides further evidence that the deepest node in thephylogeny of the extant species is a divergence between twolineages; one leading to the ancestor of modern horses (E.ferus, domestic and przewalskii) and the other to thezebra and ass ancestor, with the later speciation events of the zebrasand asses occurring either as one or more rapid radiations, or withextensive secondary contact after speciation. Examination of the geneticdiversity within species suggested that two of the E. hemionussubspecies (E. h. onager and E. h. kulan) onlyrecently diverged, and perhaps, are insufficiently different to beclassified as separate subspecies. The genetic divergence betweendomestic and wild forms of E. ferus (horse) and E.africanus (African ass) was no greater than expected within anequid species. In E. burchelli (plains zebra) there was anindication of mtDNA divergence between populations increasing withdistance. The implications of these results for equid conservation arediscussed and recommendations are made for conservation action. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5039 |
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Vervaecke, H.; de Vries, H.; van Elsacker, L. |
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Dominance and its Behavioral Measures in a Captive Group of Bonobos (Pan paniscus) |
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2000 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
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Int. J. Primatol. |
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21 |
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47-68 |
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We investigated the existence of a social dominance hierarchy in the captive group of six adult bonobos at the Planckendael Zoo. We quantified the pattern of dyadic exchange of a number of behaviors to examine to what extent each behavior fits a linear rank order model. Following de Waal (1989), we distinguish three types of dominance: agonistic dominance, competitive ability and formal dominance. Fleeing upon aggression is a good measure of agonistic dominance. The agonistic dominance hierarchy in the study group shows significant and strong linearity. The rank order was: 1. female (22 yr), 2. female (15 yr)., 3. male (23 yr.), 4. female (15 yr.), 5. male (9 yr.), 6. male (10 yr.). As in the wild, the females occupy high ranks. There is prominent but nonexclusive female agonistic dominance. Teeth-baring does not fulfil the criteria of a formal submission signal. Peering is a request for tolerance of proximity. Since its direction within dyads is consistent with that of fleeing interactions, it is a useful additional measure to determine agonistic ranks in bonobos. In competitive situations, the females acquire more food than other group members do. The rank obtained from access to food resources differs from the agonistic rank due to female intrasexual social tolerance, expressed in food sharing. We typify the dominance styles in the group as female intrasexual tolerance and male challenging of rank differences. The agonistic rank order correlates significantly with age and has a strong predictive value for other social behaviors. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2197 |
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Byrne R.W. |
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- Animal Cognition in Nature, edited by Russell P. Balda, Irene M. Pepperberg and Alan C. Kamil |
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2000 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
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4 |
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73-73 |
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Mercado E.; Killebrew D.A.; Pack A.A.; Macha I.V.B.; Herman L.M. |
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Generalization of 'same-different' classification abilities in bottlenosed dolphins |
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2000 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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50 |
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79-94 |
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