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| Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
| Title |
Imitation, culture and cognition |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
999-1010 |
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Abstract. This paper examines the significance of imitation in non-human animals with respect to the phylogenetic origins of culture and cognitive complexity. It is argued that both imitation (learning about behaviour through nonspecific observation) and social learning (learning about the environment through conspecific observation) can mediate social transmission of information, and that neither is likely to play an important role in supporting behavioural traditions or culture. Current evidence suggests that imitation is unlikely to do this because it does not insulate information from modification through individual learning in the retention period between acquisition and re-transmission. Although insignificant in relation to culture, imitation apparently involves complex and little-understood cognitive operations. It is unique in requiring animals spontaneously to equate extrinsic visual input with proprioceptive and/or kinaesthetic feedback from their own actions, but not in requiring or implicating self-consciousness, representation, metarepresentation or a capacity for goal-directed action. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2920 |
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| Author |
Mitchell R |
| Title |
Mental models of mirror self-recognition: two theories |
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| Year |
1993 |
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New Ideas Psychol. |
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11 |
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211 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3019 |
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| Author |
Nagell K; Olguin RS; Tomasello M |
| Title |
Processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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174 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3021 |
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| Author |
Povinelli DJ |
| Title |
Reconstructing the evolution of mind |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Am. Psychol. |
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48(5) |
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493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3027 |
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| Author |
Povinelli DJ; Rulf AB; Landau KR; Bierschwale DT |
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Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3033 |
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| Author |
Russon AE; Galdikas BMF |
| Title |
Imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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147 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3036 |
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| Author |
Tomasello M; Savage-Rumbaugh S; Kruger AC |
| Title |
Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Child Dev. |
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64 |
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1688 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3044 |
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| Author |
Poletaeva, I.I.; Popova, N.V.; Romanova, L.G. |
| Title |
Genetic aspects of animal reasoning |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
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23 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
467-475 |
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This paper reviews the investigations of Prof. L. V. Krushinsky and his colleagues into the genetics of complex behaviors in mammals. The ability of animals to extrapolate the direction of a food stimulus movement was investigated in wild and domesticated foxes (including different fur-color mutants), wild brown rats, and laboratory rats and mice. Wild animals (raised in the laboratory) were shown to be superior to their respective domesticated forms on performance of the extrapolation task, especially in their scores for the first presentation, in which no previous experience could be used. Laboratory rats and mice demonstrated a low level of extrapolation performance. This means that only a few laboratory animals were capable of solving the task, i.e., the percentage of correct solutions was equivalent to chance. The brain weight selection program resulted in two mice strains with a 20% (90-mg) difference in brain weight. Ability to solve the extrapolation task was present in low-brain weight mice in generations 7-11 but declined with further selection. Investigation of extrapolation ability in mice with different chromosomal anomalies demonstrated that animals with Robertsonian translocations Rb(8,17) 1lem and Rb(8,17) 6Sic were capable of solving this task in a statistically significant majority of cases, while mice with fusion of other chromosomes, as well as CBA normal karyotype mice, performed no better than expected by chance. Mice with two types of partial trisomies and animals homo- and heterozygous for translocations were also tested. Although mice with T6 trisomy performed no better than expected by chance, animals with trisomy for a chromosome 17 fragment solved the task successfully. Thus, a genetic component underlying the ability to solve the extrapolation task was demonstrated in three animal species. The extrapolation task in animals is considered to reveal a general capacity for elementary reasoning. The genetic basis of this capacity is very complex. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3089 |
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| Author |
Timberlake, W. |
| Title |
Animal Behavior: A Continuing Synthesis |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Psychology |
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44 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
675-706 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3537 |
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| Author |
Murray, Martyn G.; Brown, David |
| Title |
Niche Separation of Grazing Ungulates in the Serengeti: An Experimental Test |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
Publication |
The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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62 |
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2 |
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380-389 |
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1. The niche separation of three species of alcelaphine antelope (wildebeest, topi and hartebeest) with similar body size was compared by measuring bite weight, bite rate, intake rate and selectivity of tame animals in plots containing grass at different growth stages. 2. On growing swards, hartebeest had a smaller bite weight and lower intake rate, and were also less selective of green leaf, than either topi or wildebeest. On senescent swards, hartebeest were more selective of leaf than the other two species. 3. Wildebeest had a faster bite rate than either topi or hartebeest on swards with low biomass and high protein content of green leaf (green flush). Bite weight and intake rate of wildebeest and topi were similar despite the difference in breadth of their incisor rows. 4. Topi were significantly more selective of green leaf than the other two species and were the only species to maintain a rapid bite rate on swards with high green leaf biomass. 5. The feeding experiments did not reveal significant cross-overs between species in the rate of food intake on different grass types, but each species was most proficient either in leaf selection or bite rate when feeding on grass swards in a particular growth stage. We suggest that growth stage is a primary determinant of niche separation. 6. In Serengeti, grazing ungulates which migrate are specialists of the earlier growth stages of grass which tend to be transient, while those that are residential specialize on late growth stages which are more enduring. The mobility of species, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of pastures containing different growth stages of grass, contribute to niche separation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3544 |
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