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	Author	Barton, R.A.
	Title	Sociospatial mechanisms of feeding competition in female olive baboons, Papio anubis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	46	Issue	4	Pages	791-802
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract. Social and spatial mechanisms of feeding competition among adult female olive baboons were studied in two free-ranging groups, one foraging for natural foods, and one that was being provisioned. Similar behavioural processes were found to underlie rank-related differences in food intake in the two situations. Dominance rank of females in the naturally foraging group was positively correlated with the rate at which other animals were supplanted from feeding sites, the ratio of supplants of others to supplants received, and the number of near neighbours while feeding on clumped foods. It is unlikely that the latter result was due to rank-related differences in matriline size, because no significant correlations between rank and neighbour density were found for non-feeding activities. Step-wise regression analysis indicated that both number of neighbours and the supplant ratio explained significant proportions of inter-individual variance in daily food intake, though only the supplant ratio contributed significantly to feeding rate. High-ranking females also had priority of access to feeding sites within trees, and competition was most intense for foods that were spatially clumped. Similarly, in the provisioned group, rank was correlated with the rate at which supplants were received, and with spatial indices estimating centrality and the area of unoccupied space around an individual. Over 99% of the inter-individual variance in feeding rate was explained in a step-wise regression with supplant rates and spatial indices as independent variables. It is concluded that both active supplanting and individuals' spatial positions within the group mediate rank-related differences in food intake.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4259
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	Author	Mulder, R.A.; Langmore, N.E.
	Title	Dominant males punish helpers for temporary defection in superb fairy-wrens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	45	Issue		Pages	830-833
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1006/anbe.1993.1100			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4922
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	Author	SYLVAIN GAGNON,FRANCOISY. DORE
	Title	Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Animal Learning & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Learn. & Behav.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	246-254
	Keywords
	Abstract	Gagnon and Dor (1992) showed that domestic dogs are able to solve a Piagetian object permanence task called the invisible displacement problem. A toy is hidden in a container which is moved behind a screen where the toy is removed and left. Dogs make more errors in these problems than they do in visible displacement tests, in which the object is hidden directly behind the target screen. In Experiment 1, we examinedcomponents ofthe standard procedure of invisible displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding location more difficult than it is in visible displacements. In Experiment 2, we compared dogs performances in visible and invisible displacement problems when delays of 0, 10, and 20 sec were introduced between the objects final disappearance and the subjects release. The results revealed that dogs poorer performance in invisible displacement tests is related to the complex sequence of events that have to be encoded or remembered as well as to a difficulty in representing the position change that is signaled, but not directly perceived.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	538
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	Author	Ratzlaff, M.H.; Wilson, P.D.; Hyde, M.L.; Balch, O.K.; Grant, B.D.
	Title	Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Acta Anatomica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Anat (Basel)
	Volume	146	Issue	2-3	Pages	200-204
	Keywords	Animals; Equipment Design; Hoof and Claw/physiology; Horses/physiology; Joints/physiology; Locomotion; Motor Activity/physiology; Physiology/instrumentation; Posture; Shoes; Transducers
	Abstract	Three methods were used simultaneously to determine the relationships between the vertical forces exerted on the hooves and the positions of the limbs and hooves at the times of peak vertical forces from 2 horses galloping on a track straightaway. Vertical forces were recorded from an instrumented shoe, fetlock joint motion was measured with an electrogoniometer and the angles of the carpus, fetlock and hoof were determined from slow-motion films. At hoof contact, the mean angles of the carpus and fetlock were 181-182 degrees and 199-206 degrees, respectively. Peak vertical forces on the heel occurred at or near maximum extension of the carpal and fetlock joints. Peak forces on the toe occurred during flexion of the fetlock joint and at mean hoof angles of 28-31 degrees from the horizontal. The mean angles of the hoof from the horizontal at the time of heel contact were 6-7 degrees. Hoof lift occurred at mean carpal angles of 173-174 degrees and mean fetlock angles of 199-200 degrees.
	Address	Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-5180	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8470468			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1945
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	Author	Colahan, P.; Lindsey, E.; Nunier, C.
	Title	Determination of the center of pressure of the hoofs of the forelimbs of horses standing on a flat level surface			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Acta Anatomica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Anat (Basel)
	Volume	146	Issue	2-3	Pages	175-178
	Keywords	Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Hoof and Claw/physiology; Horses/physiology; Posture; Pressure
	Abstract	The pressure exerted on a flat level surface by recently trimmed, unshod hoofs of the front limbs of 23 sound, adult horses was measured using pressure-sensitive film and a specially built cassette. The horses were tranquilized and stood with one foot on the 2.9-cm-thick cassette and the other on a block of equal height. The hoofs were observed for motion during the measurement, and the developed film was examined for improper alignment of the film or slipping of the hoof. The center of pressure was located using the method of weighted proportions of Barrey. This static measurement system with a long measurement time and the number of measurements reduced the influence of variables inherent in the horses' behavior and the measuring system. The calculated point was recorded as falling medial to, lateral to or on a line bisecting the central sulcus of the frog. In the dorsal to palmar orientation the point was classified with reference to a line drawn halfway between the most dorsal and the most palmar mark on the film. Forty-six percent of the calculated centers of pressure were located in the medial heel area. Binomial analysis for large samples indicates that this was a significant variation from a random distribution. Seventy-six percent of the centers were located in or on the borders of the medial heel.
	Address	College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608-0136
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-5180	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8470462			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1946
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	Author	Clayton, H.M.
	Title	The extended canter: a comparison of some kinematic variables in horses trained for dressage and for racing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Acta Anatomica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Anat (Basel)
	Volume	146	Issue	2-3	Pages	183-187
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry; Animals; Gait; Horses/physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports
	Abstract	This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in selected temporal and linear stride variables of the extended canter in horses bred and trained for dressage or racing. Nine advanced-level dressage horses and 7 Thoroughbred racehorses were filmed at a frame rate of 200 Hz at an extended canter on a sand track. Two strides were recorded per trial, and each horse performed 6 or 7 trials. Temporal and linear data were determined from the films, and descriptive statistics (mean, SD) were calculated. Strides were selected for analysis on the basis of having a velocity in the range of 6.0-7.0 m/s, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to detect significant differences in the stride kinematics of horses trained for the two sports (p < or = 0.01). The average velocity of the dressage horses was 6.37 m/s, compared with 6.40 m/s for the racehorses. There were no significant differences between the two groups in velocity, stride duration, stride length or the distances between limb placements. The stance durations of all four limbs and the overlaps between them were longer, whereas the duration of the suspension phase was shorter in the dressage horses than in the racehorses (p < or = 0.01). The time between impacts of the diagonal limb pair was close to zero in both groups, with individual horses showing some variability in the order of placement of the diagonal limb pair. However, the sequence of footfalls was not significantly different between the two groups (p < or = 0.01).
	Address	Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-5180	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8470464			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3751
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	Author	Argue, C.K.; Clayton, H.M.
	Title	A preliminary study of transitions between the walk and trot in dressage horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Acta Anatomica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Anat (Basel)
	Volume	146	Issue	2-3	Pages	179-182
	Keywords	Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/physiology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal
	Abstract	The object of this study was to determine the limb support sequence during the transitions from walk to trot and from trot to walk in dressage horses under saddle and to test the null hypothesis that the limb support sequence during the transitions is not related to the level of training. Sixteen dressage horses training at novice to FEI Grand Prix level were videotaped performing an average of 9 transitions each from walk to trot and from trot to walk. The 30-Hz videotapes were viewed in slow motion, and based on the limb support sequence the transitions were categorized into two types. In type 1 transitions there were no intermediate steps between the walk and trot sequences. Type 2 transitions were characterized by intermediate steps, including a single support phase. The Kendall rank-order correlation coefficient showed that a higher level of training was positively associated with an increased percentage of type 1 transitions for both walk-to-trot transitions (p < or = 0.05) and trot-to-walk transitions (p < or = 0.01). No significant preference for initiating or completing the trot on the left or right diagonal was found using the binomial test for individual horses and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for the group.
	Address	Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-5180	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8470463			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3752
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	Author	Schuhmann K,
	Title	Untersuchung zur Sozialstruktur des persischen Wildesels			Type	Manuscript
	Year	1993	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Doctoral thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Freiburg	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	1578
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	Author	Shah Nv,
	Title	Ecology of wild ass in Little Rann of Kutch			Type	Manuscript
	Year	1993	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Doctoral thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Baroda University, India.	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	1587
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	Author	Poletaeva, I.I.; Popova, N.V.; Romanova, L.G.
	Title	Genetic aspects of animal reasoning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Behavior Genetics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue	5	Pages	467-475
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper reviews the investigations of Prof. L. V. Krushinsky and his colleagues into the genetics of complex behaviors in mammals. The ability of animals to extrapolate the direction of a food stimulus movement was investigated in wild and domesticated foxes (including different fur-color mutants), wild brown rats, and laboratory rats and mice. Wild animals (raised in the laboratory) were shown to be superior to their respective domesticated forms on performance of the extrapolation task, especially in their scores for the first presentation, in which no previous experience could be used. Laboratory rats and mice demonstrated a low level of extrapolation performance. This means that only a few laboratory animals were capable of solving the task, i.e., the percentage of correct solutions was equivalent to chance. The brain weight selection program resulted in two mice strains with a 20% (90-mg) difference in brain weight. Ability to solve the extrapolation task was present in low-brain weight mice in generations 7-11 but declined with further selection. Investigation of extrapolation ability in mice with different chromosomal anomalies demonstrated that animals with Robertsonian translocations Rb(8,17) 1lem and Rb(8,17) 6Sic were capable of solving this task in a statistically significant majority of cases, while mice with fusion of other chromosomes, as well as CBA normal karyotype mice, performed no better than expected by chance. Mice with two types of partial trisomies and animals homo- and heterozygous for translocations were also tested. Although mice with T6 trisomy performed no better than expected by chance, animals with trisomy for a chromosome 17 fragment solved the task successfully. Thus, a genetic component underlying the ability to solve the extrapolation task was demonstrated in three animal species. The extrapolation task in animals is considered to reveal a general capacity for elementary reasoning. The genetic basis of this capacity is very complex.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3089
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