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	Author	Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B.
	Title	Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	234	Issue	4782	Pages	1361-1366
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception
	Abstract	Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3538419			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	349
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	Author	Gittleman, J.L.
	Title	Carnivore Life History Patterns: Allometric, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Associations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The American Naturalist	Abbreviated Journal	Am Nat
	Volume	127	Issue	6	Pages	744-771
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-0147	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5453
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	Author	Cox Je,
	Title	Behaviour of the false rig: Causes and treatments			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Vet Record
	Volume	118	Issue		Pages	353-356
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	995
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	Author	Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E.
	Title	Localization of tones by horses: use of binaural cues and the role of the superior olivary complex			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behavioral Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	100	Issue	1	Pages	93-103
	Keywords	Animals; Auditory Pathways/physiology; Auditory Perception/physiology; Avoidance Learning/physiology; Brain Mapping; Electroshock; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Olivary Nucleus/anatomy & histology/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Pitch Perception/physiology; Sound Localization/physiology
	Abstract	The ability of horses to use binaural time and intensity difference cues to localize sound was assessed in free-field localization tests by using pure tones. The animals were required to discriminate the locus of a single tone pip ranging in frequency from 250 Hz to 25 kHz emitted by loudspeakers located 30 degrees to the left and right of the animals' midline (60 degrees total separation). Three animals were tested with a two-choice procedure; 2 additional animals were tested with a conditioned avoidance procedure. All 5 animals were able to localize 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1 kHz but were completely unable to localize 2 kHz and above. Because the frequency of ambiguity for the binaural phase cue delta phi for horses in this test was calculated to be 1.5 kHz, these results indicate that horses can use binaural time differences in the form of delta phi but are unable to use binaural intensity differences. This finding was supported by an unconditioned orientation test involving 4 additional horses, which showed that horses correctly orient to a 500-Hz tone pip but not to an 8-kHz tone pip. Analysis of the superior olivary complex, the brain stem nucleus at which binaural interactions first take place, reveals that the lateral superior olive (LSO) is relatively small in the horse and lacks the laminar arrangement of bipolar cells characteristic of the LSO of most mammals that can use binaural delta I.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3954885			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5634
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	Author	Barette, C.; Vandal, D.
	Title	Social rank, dominance, antler size, and access to food in snow-bound wild woodland caribou			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	97	Issue	1-2	Pages	118-146
	Keywords	Canada; Quebec; Artiodactyla; Social dominance; Feeding behavior; Morphology; Antler; Rangifer tarandus; North America; America; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata
	Abstract	We spent two winters studying the social behaviour of wild woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) at a time when their main food (ground lichens; Cladina sp.) is available only at snow craters dug by the animals. The competition for access to such craters was severe, the animals constantly trying to take over the craters of others. During a two-month period when a group maintained a constant size (20) and composition (all age-sex classes represented), we could rank the animals in a rather linear dominance hierarchy (Landau's index = 0.87). Rank was correlated with access to resources, percent of time spent active, and percent of time feeding in craters. It was also correlated with age and antler size. However, rank is not an attribute of individuals, but of a relationship between individuals. As such it is only an intervening variable between physical attributes and access to resources, a variable whose value has meaning only within a given group. Among the three attributes studied (age, sex, antler size), the latter was by far the best predictor of the occurrence and outcome of interactions. Between two individuals within any of the three age-sex classes studied (adult and yearling males and adult females), the one with larger antlers initiated significantly more often, escalated its aggression (to the point of hitting the target) less often, and enjoyed a higher success rate in obtaining resources. When their antlers were larger than those of an adult male target (i.e. males that had shed their antlers), adult females won almost all their interactions with adult males even though they escalated only one fourth of them. This clarifies the long-standing speculation that female caribou have antlers and shed them later than males, in order to overcome their sexual handicap in competition for food in the winter. We conclude that the link between rank and dominance of an individual on one hand, and some of its attributes on the other (e.g. sex, age, weight, antler size) is fundamentally realized by the animal itself through its active preference for targets it is likely to beat, i.e. targets with smaller antlers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4269
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	Author	Mayes, E.; Duncan, P.
	Title	Temporal patterns of feeding behaviour in free-ranging horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Behav.
	Volume	96	Issue		Pages	105-129
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2351
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	Author	Hertsch, B.; Becker, C.
	Title	[Occurrence of aseptic necrosis of the palmar and plantar ligament in the horse--a contribution to the differentiation of sesamoid bone diseases]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	93	Issue	6	Pages	263-266
	Keywords	Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Horse Diseases/pathology; Horses; Ligaments, Articular/pathology; Osteonecrosis/pathology; Sesamoid Bones/pathology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Zum Vorkommen der aseptischen Nekrose im Ligamentum palmare bzw. plantare beim Pferd--ein Beitrag zur Differenzierung der Gleichbeinerkrankungen
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0341-6593	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3527654			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	150
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	Author	Klingel H,
	Title	Die Evolution der Sozialen Organisation der Equiden			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Verh Dtsch Zool Ges
	Volume	79	Issue		Pages	176
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1318
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	Author	Liang, K.-Y.; Zeger, S.L.
	Title	Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Biometrika	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	73	Issue	1	Pages	13-22
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper proposes an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data. We introduce a class of estimating equations that give consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variance under mild assumptions about the time dependence. The estimating equations are derived without specifying the joint distribution of a subject's observations yet they reduce to the score equations for niultivariate Gaussian outcomes. Asymptotic theory is presented for the general class of estimators. Specific cases in which we assume independence, m-dependence and exchangeable correlation structures from each subject are discussed. Efficiency of the pioposecl estimators in two simple situations is considered. The approach is closely related to quasi-likelihood.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1093/biomet/73.1.1			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	4097
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	Author	Lima, S.L.
	Title	Predation Risk and Unpredictable Feeding Conditions: Determinants of Body Mass in Birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Ecology
	Volume	67	Issue	2	Pages	377-385
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.2307/1938580			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5141
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