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	Author	Merkies, K.; McKechnie, M.J.; Zakrajsek, E.
	Title	Behavioural and physiological responses of therapy horses to mentally traumatized humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Equine-assisted therapy; Ptsd; Horse; Behaviour; Cortisol; Heart rate
	Abstract	The benefits to humans of equine-assisted therapy (EAT) have been well-researched, however few studies have analyzed the effects on the horse. Understanding how differing mental states of humans affect the behaviour and response of the horse can assist in providing optimal outcomes for both horse and human. Four humans clinically diagnosed and under care of a psychotherapist for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were matched physically to four neurotypical control humans and individually subjected to each of 17 therapy horses loose in a round pen. A professional acting coach instructed the control humans in replicating the physical movements of their paired PTSD individual. Both horses and humans were equipped with a heart rate (HR) monitor recording HR every 5secs. Saliva samples were collected from each horse 30 min before and 30 min after each trial to analyze cortisol concentrations. Each trial consisted of 5 min of baseline observation of the horse alone in the round pen after which the human entered the round pen for 2 min, followed by an additional 5 min of the horse alone. Behavioural observations indicative of stress in the horse (gait, head height, ear orientation, body orientation, distance from the human, latency of approach to the human, vocalizations, and chewing) were retrospectively collected from video recordings of each trial and analyzed using a repeated measures GLIMMIX with Tukey's multiple comparisons for differences between treatments and time periods. Horses moved slower (p < 0.0001), carried their head lower (p < 0.0001), vocalized less (p < 0.0001), and chewed less (p < 0.0001) when any human was present with them in the round pen. Horse HR increased in the presence of the PTSD humans, even after the PTSD human left the pen (p < 0.0001). Since two of the PTSD/control human pairs were experienced with horses and two were not, a post-hoc analysis showed that horses approached quicker (p < 0.016) and stood closer (p < 0.0082) to humans who were experienced with horses. Horse HR was lower when with inexperienced humans (p < 0.0001) whereas inexperienced human HR was higher (p < 0.0001). Horse salivary cortisol did not differ between exposure to PTSD and control humans (p > 0.32). Overall, behavioural and physiological responses of horses to humans are more pronounced based on human experience with horses than whether the human is diagnosed with a mental disorder. This may be a reflection of a directness of movement associated with humans who are experienced with horses that makes the horse more attentive. It appears that horses respond more to physical cues from the human rather than emotional cues. This knowledge is important in tailoring therapy programs and justifying horse responses when interacting with a patient in a therapy setting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6385
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	Author	Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E.
	Title	Primates “primacy” reconsidered			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1996	Publication	Social learning in animals: the roots of culture	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	65-84
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press, Inc.	Place of Publication		Editor	Heyes, C. ; Galef, B.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title	Social learning in animals: the roots of culture
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0122739651	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ home			Serial	2175
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	Author	Kruger, K.; Gaillard, C.; Stranzinger, G.; Rieder, S.
	Title	Phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	122	Issue	s1	Pages	78-86
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary The taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. This is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the Asiatic wild asses (in particular Equus hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan). In this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). Phylogenetic analysis revealed coalescence times comparable with those previously published from fossil records and mtDNA data. Using Bayesian approaches, it was possible to distinguish between the studied equids, although individual assignment levels varied. The observed results support the maintenance of separate captive conservation herds for E. hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan. The first molecular genetic results for E. hemionus luteus remained contradictory, as they unexpectedly indicated a closer genetic relationship between E. hemionus luteus and E. kiang holderi compared with the other hemiones.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2334
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	Author	Bolhuis, J.J.
	Title	Bird brains and behaviour: perception, cognition and production			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	53	Issue	2	Pages	71-72
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	formerly Netherlands Journal of Zoology			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3104
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	Author	Rundgren, M.; Nordin, A.
	Title	Personality profile and simple learning tests for horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Animal Production	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-4
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Vienna	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3598
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	Author	Davies Morel, M.C.G.; Newcombe, J.R.; Holland, S.J.
	Title	Factors affecting gestation length in the Thoroughbred mare			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Reproduction Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	74	Issue	3-4	Pages	175-185
	Keywords	Gestation length; Mare age; Foals; Month of year; Ovulation-mating interval
	Abstract	In order to assist in the accurate prediction of the timing of parturition in the mare true gestation length, along with the potential effect of a number of factors, was investigated. Data from 433 Thoroughbred foal pregnancies were used. Sequential ultrasonic scanning allowed the true gestation length (fertilisation-parturition) to be ascertained, as apposed to previous work, which used the mating-parturition interval. An average gestation length of 344.1+/-0.49 days was evident. Colt foal pregnancies were significantly (P<0.001) longer (346.2+/-0.72) than fillies (342.4+/-0.65). Month of birth had a significant effect on gestation length in all foals (P<0.001). With foals born in January having the shortest gestation lengths and those born in April the longest. Mare age, year of birth, stallion age, stud farm and the interval between ovulation and mating had no significant effect. It is concluded that (i) the gestation length range (315-388 days), all resulting in viable foals is noteworthy and of clinical importance when considering the classification of dysmaturity in foals, (ii) mares carrying colt foals due to be born in the middle of the breeding season (April) are likely to have the longer gestation lengths.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3638
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	Author	Palme, R.; Fischer, P.; Schildorfer, H.; Ismail, M.N.
	Title	Excretion of infused 14C-steroid hormones via faeces and urine in domestic livestock			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Animal Reproduction Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	43	Issue	1	Pages	43-63
	Keywords	Sheep--endocrinology; Pig--endocrinology; Pony; 14C-steroids; Faeces; Urine; Blood
	Abstract	The aim of this comparative study was to gain more information about the excretion of steroid hormones in farm animals. This should help to establish or improve non-invasive steroid monitoring procedures, especially in zoo and wildlife animals. Over a period of 4 h the 14C-steroid hormones (3.7 MBq) progesterone (three females), testosterone (three males), cortisol and oestrone (two males, two females) were infused intravenously in sheep, ponies and pigs. Faeces were collected immediately after defecation. Urine was sampled via a permanent catheter in females and after spontaneous urination in males. A total of 88 +/- 10% (mean +/- SD) of the administered radioactivity was recovered. Considerable interspecies differences were measured both in the amounts of steroid metabolites excreted via faeces or urine and the time course of excretion. Progesterone and oestrone in ewes, and progesterone in mares were excreted mainly in the faeces (over 75%). The primary route of excretion of all other 14C-steroids was via the urine but to a different extent. In general, sheep showed the highest degree of faecal excretion and pigs the least. The highest radioactivity in urine (per mmol creatinine) was observed during the infusion or in one of the next two samples thereafter, whereas in faeces it was measured about 12 h (sheep), 24 h (ponies) or 48 h (pigs) after the end of the infusion. Thereafter the radioactivity declined and reached background levels within 2-3 weeks. In faeces, steroid metabolites were present mainly in an unconjugated form, but in blood and urine as conjugates. Mean retention time of faecal radioactivity suggested that the passage rate of digesta (duodenum to rectum) played an important role in the time course of the excretion of steroids. The information derived from this investigation could improve the precision of sampling as well as the extraction of steroids from the faeces. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that it should be possible to establish methods for measuring faecal androgen and cortisol metabolites for assessing male reproductive endocrinology and stress in animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4069
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	Author	Wingfield, J. C.,; Ramenofsky, M.
	Title	Hormones and the behavioral ecology of stress.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1999	Publication	Stress physiology in animals.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-51
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Sheffield Academic Press	Place of Publication	Sheffield, United Kingdom	Editor	Balm, P. H. M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4071
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sighieri, C.; Tedeschi, D.; De Andreis, C.; Petri, L.; Baragli, P.
	Title	Behaviour patterns of horses can be used to establish a dominantsubordinate relationship between man and horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue		Pages	705-708
	Keywords	ANIMAL WELFARE; BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS; DOMINANCE; UNHANDLED HORSE
	Abstract	This paper describes how man can enter the social hierarchy of the horse by mimicking the behaviour and stance it uses to establish dominance. A herd is organised according to a dominance hierarchy established by means of ritualised conflict. Dominance relationships are formed through these confrontations: one horse gains the dominant role and others identify themselves as subordinates. This study was conducted using five females of the Haflinger breed, totally unaccustomed to human contact, from a free-range breeding farm. The study methods were based on the three elements fundamental to the equilibrium of the herd: flight, herd instinct and hierarchy. The trainer-horse relationship was established in three phases: retreat, approach and association. At the end of the training sessions, all of the horses were able to respond correctly to the trainer. These observations suggest that it is possible to manage unhandled horses without coercion by mimicking their behaviour patterns.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4089
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Laland, K. N.; Richerson, P. J.; Boyd, R.
	Title	Developing a theory of animal social learning.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1996	Publication	Social learning in animals: the roots of culture.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	129-154
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	San Diego, California	Editor	Heyes, C. M.;Galef,B. G. J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ home			Serial	4093
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