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	Author	Gallistel, C.R.; Cramer, A.E.
	Title	Computations on metric maps in mammals: getting oriented and choosing a multi-destination route			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
	Volume	199	Issue	Pt 1	Pages	211-217
	Keywords	Animals; Brain/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cognition/physiology; Humans; Mammals/physiology; Movement; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Space Perception; Visual Pathways/physiology
	Abstract	The capacity to construct a cognitive map is hypothesized to rest on two foundations: (1) dead reckoning (path integration); (2) the perception of the direction and distance of terrain features relative to the animal. A map may be constructed by combining these two sources of positional information, with the result that the positions of all terrain features are represented in the coordinate framework used for dead reckoning. When animals need to become reoriented in a mapped space, results from rats and human toddlers indicate that they focus exclusively on the shape of the perceived environment, ignoring non-geometric features such as surface colors. As a result, in a rectangular space, they are misoriented half the time even when the two ends of the space differ strikingly in their appearance. In searching for a hidden object after becoming reoriented, both kinds of subjects search on the basis of the object's mapped position in the space rather than on the basis of its relationship to a goal sign (e.g. a distinctive container or nearby marker), even though they have demonstrably noted the relationship between the goal and the goal sign. When choosing a multidestination foraging route, vervet monkeys look at least three destinations ahead, even though they are only capable of keeping a maximum of six destinations in mind at once.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8576692			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2757
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	Author	Gibbs, S.E.B.; Lea, S.E.G.; Jacobs, L.F.
	Title	Flexible use of spatial cues in the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	203-209
	Keywords	Animals; Male; Orientation; Sciuridae; Space Perception; *Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Insects, birds, and mammals have been shown capable of encoding spatial information in memory using multiple strategies or frames of reference simultaneously. These strategies include orientation to a goal-specific cue or beacon, to the position of the goal in an array of local landmarks, or to its position in the array of distant landmarks, also known as the global frame of reference. From previous experiments, it appears that birds and mammals that scatter hoard rely primarily on a global frame of reference, but this generalization depends on evidence from only a few species. Here we examined spatial memory in a previously unstudied scatter hoarder, the southern flying squirrel. We dissociated the relative weighting of three potential spatial strategies (beacon, global, or relative array strategy) with three probe tests: transposition of beacon and the rotation or the expansion of the array. The squirrels' choices were consistent with a spatial averaging strategy, where they chose the location dictated by at least two of the three strategies, rather than using a single preferred frame of reference. This adaptive and flexible heuristic has not been previously described in animal orientation studies, yet it may be a common solution to the universal problem of encoding and recalling spatial locations in an ephemeral physical landscape.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17265151			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2422
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; McDonald, R.J.
	Title	Finding a goal on dry land and in the water: differential effects of disorientation on spatial learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioural brain research	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain. Res.
	Volume	123	Issue	1	Pages	103-111
	Keywords	Animals; Cues; Environment; Male; Maze Learning/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Spatial Behavior/*physiology; Water
	Abstract	Two previous studies, Martin et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 183) and Dudchenko et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 194), report that, compared to non-disoriented controls, rats disoriented before testing were disrupted in their ability to learn the location of a goal on a dry radial-arm maze task, but that both groups learned at the same rate in the Morris water maze. However, the radial-arm maze task was much more difficult than the water maze. In the current set of experiments, we examined the performance of control and disoriented rats on more comparable dry land and water maze tasks. Compared to non-disoriented rats, rats that were disoriented before testing were significantly impaired in locating a goal in a circular dry arena, but not a water tank. The results constrain theoretical explanations for the differential effects of disorientation on different spatial tasks.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. gibson@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0166-4328	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11377733			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	372
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	Author	Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Derrington, A.M.
	Title	The effect of stimulus height on visual discrimination in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	81	Issue	7	Pages	1715-1720
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Male; Orientation; Photic Stimulation; Vision/physiology
	Abstract	This study investigated the effect of stimulus height on the ability of horses to learn a simple visual discrimination task. Eight horses were trained to perform a two-choice, black/white discrimination with stimuli presented at one of two heights: ground level or at a height of 70 cm from the ground. The height at which the stimuli were presented was alternated from one session to the next. All trials within a single session were presented at the same height. The criterion for learning was four consecutive sessions of 70% correct responses. Performance was found to be better when stimuli were presented at ground level with respect to the number of trials taken to reach the criterion (P < 0.05), percentage of correct first choices (P < 0.01), and repeated errors made (P < 0.01). Thus, training horses to carry out tasks of visual discrimination could be enhanced by placing the stimuli on the ground. In addition, the results of the present study suggest that the visual appearance of ground surfaces is an important factor in both horse management and training.
	Address	School of Land-based Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst College Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England NG25 0QF. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12854807			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	835
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	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	110	Issue	4	Pages	831-835
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8864273			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	376
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	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Hippocampus and memory in a food-storing and in a nonstoring bird species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	110	Issue	5	Pages	946-964
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Attention/physiology; Birds/physiology; Brain Mapping; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Mental Recall/physiology; Organ Size/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Retention (Psychology)/physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Food-storing birds maintain in memory a large and constantly changing catalog of the locations of stored food. The hippocampus of food-storing black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) is proportionally larger than that of nonstoring dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). Chickadees perform better than do juncos in an operant test of spatial non-matching-to-sample (SNMTS), and chickadees are more resistant to interference in this paradigm. Hippocampal lesions attenuate performance in SNMTS and increase interference. In tests of continuous spatial alternation (CSA), juncos perform better than chickadees. CSA performance also declines following hippocampal lesions. By itself, sensitivity of a given task to hippocampal damage does not predict the direction of memory differences between storing and nonstoring species.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. robert@ln.nimh.nih.gov
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8918998			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	375
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	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Sherry, D.F.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Khurgel, M.; Ivy, G.
	Title	Hippocampal volume and food-storing behavior are related in parids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Brain, behavior and evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Behav Evol
	Volume	45	Issue	1	Pages	54-61
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/anatomy & histology; Brain Mapping; Evolution; Food Preferences/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology; Mental Recall/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Social Environment; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The size of the hippocampus has been previously shown to reflect species differences and sex differences in reliance on spatial memory to locate ecologically important resources, such as food and mates. Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) cached more food than did either Mexican chickadees (P. sclateri) or bridled titmice (P. wollweberi) in two tests of food storing, one conducted in an aviary and another in smaller home cages. Black-capped chickadees were also found to have a larger hippocampus, relative to the size of the telencephalon, than the other two species. Differences in the frequency of food storing behavior among the three species have probably produced differences in the use of hippocampus-dependent memory and spatial information processing to recover stored food, resulting in graded selection for size of the hippocampus.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7866771			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	379
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	Author	Healy,S.; Braithwaite, V
	Title	Cognitive ecology: a field of substance?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	22-26
	Keywords	Cognitive ecology; Neuroethology; Cognition; Ecology; Evolution; Orientation mechanisms
	Abstract	In 1993, Les Real invented the label 'cognitive ecology'. This label was intended for work that brought cognitive science and behavioural ecology together. Real's article stressed the importance of such an approach to the understanding of behaviour. At the end of a decade in which more interdisciplinary work on behaviour has been seen than for many years, it is time to assess whether cognitive ecology is a label describing an active field.
	Address	Division of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JT
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10603501			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	837
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	Author	Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E.
	Title	Localization of tones by horses: use of binaural cues and the role of the superior olivary complex			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behavioral Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	100	Issue	1	Pages	93-103
	Keywords	Animals; Auditory Pathways/physiology; Auditory Perception/physiology; Avoidance Learning/physiology; Brain Mapping; Electroshock; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Olivary Nucleus/anatomy & histology/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Pitch Perception/physiology; Sound Localization/physiology
	Abstract	The ability of horses to use binaural time and intensity difference cues to localize sound was assessed in free-field localization tests by using pure tones. The animals were required to discriminate the locus of a single tone pip ranging in frequency from 250 Hz to 25 kHz emitted by loudspeakers located 30 degrees to the left and right of the animals' midline (60 degrees total separation). Three animals were tested with a two-choice procedure; 2 additional animals were tested with a conditioned avoidance procedure. All 5 animals were able to localize 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1 kHz but were completely unable to localize 2 kHz and above. Because the frequency of ambiguity for the binaural phase cue delta phi for horses in this test was calculated to be 1.5 kHz, these results indicate that horses can use binaural time differences in the form of delta phi but are unable to use binaural intensity differences. This finding was supported by an unconditioned orientation test involving 4 additional horses, which showed that horses correctly orient to a 500-Hz tone pip but not to an 8-kHz tone pip. Analysis of the superior olivary complex, the brain stem nucleus at which binaural interactions first take place, reveals that the lateral superior olive (LSO) is relatively small in the horse and lacks the laminar arrangement of bipolar cells characteristic of the LSO of most mammals that can use binaural delta I.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3954885			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5634
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	Author	Henderson, J.; Hurly, T.A.; Healy, S.D.
	Title	Spatial relational learning in rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	201-205
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Birds; Concept Formation; Flowers; Form Perception; Male; Orientation; Reward; Size Perception; *Space Perception; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	There is increasing evidence that animals can learn abstract spatial relationships, and successfully transfer this knowledge to novel situations. In this study, rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) were trained to feed from either the lower or the higher of two flowers. When presented with a test pair of flowers, one of which was at a novel height, they chose the flower in the appropriate spatial position rather than the flower at the correct height. This response may also have been influenced by a preference for taller flowers as acquisition of the task during experimental training occurred more readily when the reward flower was the taller of the pair. Thus, it appears that although learning abstract relationships may be a general phenomenon across contexts, and perhaps across species, the ease with which they are learned and the context in which they are subsequently used may not be the same.
	Address	Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16767469			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2465
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