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Author |
A. Wiggins; K. Crowston |
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Title |
From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |
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1-10 |
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Keywords |
groupware; natural sciences computing; research and development; social sciences; crowdsourcing; citizen science typology; research collaboration; scientific research projects; virtual collaboration; Communities; Education; Monitoring; Collaboration; Organizations; Biological system modeling; Production |
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Abstract |
Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types-Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education- that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation. |
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2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |
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1530-1605 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6430 |
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Author |
Adolphs, R. |
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Title |
Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Rev Neurosci |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
165-178 |
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Keywords |
Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
We are an intensely social species--it has been argued that our social nature defines what makes us human, what makes us conscious or what gave us our large brains. As a new field, the social brain sciences are probing the neural underpinnings of social behaviour and have produced a banquet of data that are both tantalizing and deeply puzzling. We are finding new links between emotion and reason, between action and perception, and between representations of other people and ourselves. No less important are the links that are also being established across disciplines to understand social behaviour, as neuroscientists, social psychologists, anthropologists, ethologists and philosophers forge new collaborations. |
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Deparment of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu |
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1471-003X |
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PMID:12612630 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4706 |
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Author |
Alexander, F.; Collett, R.A. |
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Title |
Pethidine in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Research in veterinary science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Res Vet Sci |
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17 |
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1 |
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136-137 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Half-Life; Horses/*metabolism; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary; Male; Meperidine/administration & dosage/analysis/*metabolism/pharmacology |
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0034-5288 |
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PMID:4421117 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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113 |
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Author |
Alexander, F.; Nicholson, J.D. |
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Title |
The blood and saliva clearances of phenobarbitone and pentobarbitone in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Biochemical pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochem Pharmacol |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
203-210 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; *Horses; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Pentobarbital/blood/*metabolism; Phenobarbital/blood/*metabolism; Protein Binding; *Saliva; Time Factors |
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0006-2952 |
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PMID:5647047 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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117 |
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Author |
Anderson, T.M.; McIlwraith, C.W.; Douay, P. |
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Title |
The role of conformation in musculoskeletal problems in the racing Thoroughbred |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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36 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
571-575 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Carpus, Animal/anatomy & histology/physiology; Horse Diseases/etiology/*pathology/surgery; Horses/*anatomy & histology/injuries/physiology; Likelihood Functions; Logistic Models; Muscle, Skeletal/*anatomy & histology/pathology; Musculoskeletal Diseases/pathology/surgery/*veterinary; Tarsus, Animal/anatomy & histology/physiology; Treatment Outcome |
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Abstract |
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The relationship of conformation to future potential injury is a standard approach in practise but, at present, is largely based on subjective observations. OBJECTIVE: To measure conformation in 3-year-old Thoroughbreds and objectively test its relationship with the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems. METHODS: Conformation measurements were taken from photographs using specific reference points marked on the horses and processed on the computer. Clinical observations were recorded for each horse on a regular basis. Stepwise (forward) logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the binary response of the clinical outcomes probability and the conformation variables by the method of maximum likelihood. RESULTS: Clinical outcomes significantly (P<0.05) associated with conformational variables included effusion of the front fetlock, effusion of the right carpus, effusion of the carpus, effusion of the hind fetlock, fracture of the left or right carpus, right front fetlock problem and hind fetlock problem. CONCLUSIONS: Offset knees (offset ratio) contributed to fetlock problems. Long pasterns increased the odds of a fracture in the front limb. An increase in the carpal angle as viewed from the front (carpal valgus) may serve as a protective mechanism, as the odds for a carpal fracture and carpal effusion decreased with an increase in the carpal angle. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates relationships between conformation and musculoskeletal disease in the racehorse. The information may be useful in selection and management of the racing Thoroughbred. |
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Colorado State University, Equine Science and Equine Orthopaedic Research Programs, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15581320 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3697 |
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Author |
Assersohn, C.; Whiten, A.; Kiwede, Z.T.; Tinka, J.; Karamagi, J. |
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Title |
Use of leaves to inspect ectoparasites in wild chimpanzees: a third cultural variant? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
255-258 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Ape Diseases/*parasitology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary; Female; Grooming/*physiology; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; *Plant Leaves; Protozoa/*isolation & purification; Uganda |
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Abstract |
We report 26 cases of using leaves as tools with which wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Sonso community, Budongo Forest, Uganda, appeared to inspect objects removed during grooming. Careful removal of potential ectoparasites and delicate lip or manual placement on leaves followed by intense visual examination characterised this behaviour. It appears to be done to judge whether either ingestion or discarding is most appropriate, the former occurring in most cases. This behaviour may represent a third variant of ectoparasite handling, different from those described at Tai and Gombe, yet sharing features with the latter. These two East African techniques may thus have evolved from leaf grooming. |
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Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, Fife, UK |
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0032-8332 |
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PMID:15179558 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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733 |
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Author |
Ayres, C.M.; Davey, L.M.; German, W.J. |
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Title |
Cerebral Hydatidosis. Clinical Case Report With A Review Of Pathogenesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1963 |
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Journal of Neurosurgery |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Neurosurg |
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20 |
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371-377 |
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Keywords |
*Alaska; *Arctic Regions; *Brain Diseases; *Cattle; *Child; *Dogs; *Echinococcosis; *Ecology; *Epidemiology; *Heart Diseases; *Horses; *Infant; *Inuits; *Occipital Lobe; *Sheep; *Alaska; *Arctic Regions; *Brain Diseases; *Cattle; *Child; *Dogs; *Echinococcosis; *Ecology; *Epidemiology; *Eskimos; *Heart Diseases; *Horses; *Infant; *Occipital Lobe; *Review; *Sheep |
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0022-3085 |
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PMID:14186052 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2748 |
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Author |
Bergstrom, C.T.; Lachmann, M. |
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Title |
Signaling among relatives. III. Talk is cheap |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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95 |
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9 |
Pages |
5100-5105 |
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Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; Costs and Cost Analysis; *Evolution; Interpersonal Relations; Models, Biological |
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Abstract |
The Sir Philip Sidney game has been used by numerous authors to show how signal cost can facilitate honest signaling among relatives. Here, we demonstrate that, in this game, honest cost-free signals are possible as well, under very general conditions. Moreover, these cost-free signals are better for all participants than the previously explored alternatives. Recent empirical evidence suggests that begging is energetically inexpensive for nestling birds; this finding led some researchers to question the applicability of the costly signaling framework to nestling begging. Our results show that cost-free or inexpensive signals, as observed empirically, fall within the framework of signaling theory. |
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Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. carl@charles.stanford.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:9560235 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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561 |
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Author |
Bertram, D.S. |
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Title |
Mosquitoes of British Honduras, with some comments on malaria, and on arbovirus antibodies in man and equines |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
65 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
742-762 |
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Keywords |
Aedes; Animals; Anopheles; Antibodies/*analysis; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/veterinary; Belize; Culex; *Culicidae/classification; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/immunology; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/immunology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria/*epidemiology; Neutralization Tests; Seasons |
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0035-9203 |
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PMID:4400502 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2732 |
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Author |
Blokland, A. |
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Title |
Reaction time responding in rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
847-864 |
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Amphetamine/pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects/*physiology; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Reaction Time/drug effects/*physiology |
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Abstract |
The use of reaction time has a great tradition in the field of human information processing research. In animal research the use of reaction time test paradigms is mainly limited to two research fields: the role of the striatum in movement initiation; and aging. It was discussed that reaction time responding can be regarded as “single behavior”, this term was used to indicate that only one behavioral category is measured, allowing a better analysis of brain-behavior relationships. Reaction time studies investigating the role of the striatum in motor functions revealed that the initiation of a behavioral response is dependent on the interaction of different neurotransmitters (viz. dopamine, glutamate, GABA). Studies in which lesions were made in different brain structures suggested that motor initiation is dependent on defined brain structures (e.g. medialldorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex). It was concluded that the use of reaction time measures can indeed be a powerful tool in studying brain-behavior relationships. However, there are some methodological constraints with respect to the assessment of reaction time in rats, as was tried to exemplify by the experiments described in the present paper. On the one hand one should try to control for behavioral characteristics of rats that may affect the validity of the parameter reaction time. On the other hand, the mean value of reaction time should be in the range of what has been reported in man. Although these criteria were not always met in several studies, it was concluded that reaction time can be validly assessed in rats. Finally, it was discussed that the use of reaction time may go beyond studies that investigate the role of the basal ganglia in motor output. Since response latency is a direct measure of information processing this parameter may provide insight into basic elements of cognition. Based on the significance of reaction times in human studies the use of this dependent variable in rats may provide a fruitful approach in studying brain-behavior relationships in cognitive functions. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:9809315 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2807 |
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