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	Author	Hall, R.A.; Broom, A.K.; Smith, D.W.; Mackenzie, J.S.
	Title	The ecology and epidemiology of Kunjin virus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
	Volume	267	Issue		Pages	253-269
	Keywords	Animals; Culicidae/virology; Ecosystem; Horse Diseases/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary; West Nile virus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-217X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12082993			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2642
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	Author	Endy, T.P.; Nisalak, A.
	Title	Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
	Volume	267	Issue		Pages	11-48
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/virology; Climate; Culicidae/virology; Disease Outbreaks/history; Ecosystem; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology/*etiology/history/transmission; History, 20th Century; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; Japan/epidemiology; Risk Factors; Swine/virology; Thailand/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Virology, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-217X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12082986			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2643
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Barros, A.T.
	Title	Seasonality and relative abundance of Tabanidae (Diptera) captured on horses in the Pantanal, Brazil			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz	Abbreviated Journal	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
	Volume	96	Issue	7	Pages	917-923
	Keywords	Animals; Brazil; Climate; Diptera/classification/physiology; Ecology; Horses/parasitology; Population Dynamics; Seasons; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Once a month, from June 1992 to May 1993, collections of tabanids on horse were conducted in the Nhecolandia, Pantanal State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Tabanid catches using hand nets were conducted from sunrise to sunset at grassland and cerradao (dense savanna) habitats. A total of 3,442 tabanids from 21 species,12 genera, and 3 subfamilies were collected. Although species abundance varied seasonally depending on habitat, no habitat specificity was observed for the most abundant species. In the grassland, 1,625 (47.2%) tabanids belonging to 19 species were collected, while 1,817 (52.8%) tabanids from 17 species were caught in the cerradao. The number of tabanid species varied from 7 during winter (July/August) to 15 in the spring (October). Tabanus importunus (56%) was the most abundant species, followed by T. occidentalis (8.2%), and T. claripennis (8.1%). The tabanid peak, in October, coincided with the beginning of the rainy season. The population peak of most species, including those with higher vector potential, suggests that the rainy season can be considered as the period of potentially higher risk of mechanical transmission of pathogens by tabanids to horses in the region.
	Address	Embrapa Pantanal, 79320-900 Corumba, MS, Brasil. thadeu@cpap.embrapa.br
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0074-0276	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11685255			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2644
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	Author	Marfin, A.A.; Petersen, L.R.; Eidson, M.; Miller, J.; Hadler, J.; Farello, C.; Werner, B.; Campbell, G.L.; Layton, M.; Smith, P.; Bresnitz, E.; Cartter, M.; Scaletta, J.; Obiri, G.; Bunning, M.; Craven, R.C.; Roehrig, J.T.; Julian, K.G.; Hinten, S.R.; Gubler, D.J.
	Title	Widespread West Nile virus activity, eastern United States, 2000			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Emerging Infectious Diseases	Abbreviated Journal	Emerg Infect Dis
	Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	730-735
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/virology; Culicidae/virology; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/virology; Horses; Humans; Population Surveillance; Songbirds/virology; United States/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/veterinary/virology; *West Nile virus
	Abstract	In 1999, the U.S. West Nile (WN) virus epidemic was preceded by widespread reports of avian deaths. In 2000, ArboNET, a cooperative WN virus surveillance system, was implemented to monitor the sentinel epizootic that precedes human infection. This report summarizes 2000 surveillance data, documents widespread virus activity in 2000, and demonstrates the utility of monitoring virus activity in animals to identify human risk for infection.
	Address	Division of Vector-Borne Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. aam@cdc.gov
	Corporate Author	ArboNET Cooperative Surveillance Group			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1080-6040	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11585539			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2646
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	Author	Pichardo, M.
	Title	Valsequillo biostratigraphy. III: Equid ecospecies in Paleoindian sites			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur	Abbreviated Journal	Anthropol Anz
	Volume	58	Issue	3	Pages	275-298
	Keywords	Animals; Ecology; Horses/classification; Mexico; *Paleodontology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Greater precision in North American Pleistocene equid taxonomy makes it now possible to exploit the ubiquitous horse remains in Paleoindian sites as ecological index-fossils. The horses of Central Mexico and the Southern Plains can be sorted by tooth size alone, except for two rare large horses of the Southern Plains. The species endemic to these grasslands and south to Central Mexico are Equus pacificus (large), E. conversidens (small), E. francisci (smallest). The Southern Plains were also occupied by a specialized grazer E. excelsus (Burnet and Sandia caves) and E. occidentalis (Dry and Sandia caves). West of the Rocky Mountains E. occidentalis was dominant. East of the Mississippi River two woodland species are found: E. fraternus and E. littoralis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-5548	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11082786			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2648
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	Author	Yang, S.
	Title	Melioidosis research in China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Acta Tropica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Trop
	Volume	77	Issue	2	Pages	157-165
	Keywords	Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects/immunology/pathogenicity; China/epidemiology; Cross Reactions; Glanders/immunology/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Melioidosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Virulence
	Abstract	Research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in China for more than two decades. It has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei. The cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the Hainan and Zhanjiang peninsula. Investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susceptibility, whole cell analysis by gas chromatography, and genetics have led to a new understanding of the pathology of the disease. Immunological cross reactions between Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei and the difference between melioidosis and glanders in horses is discussed.
	Address	Medical Research Institute, Yan-Ling (510507), Dongguanzhuang Road 91, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. songyangch@hotmail.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-706X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11080506			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2649
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	Author	Barwick, R.S.; Mohammed, H.O.; McDonough, P.L.; White, M.E.
	Title	Epidemiologic features of equine Leptospira interrogans of human significance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Prev Vet Med
	Volume	36	Issue	2	Pages	153-165
	Keywords	Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans; Leptospira interrogans; New York/epidemiology; Weil Disease/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Zoonoses/epidemiology/microbiology
	Abstract	Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. There is a serologic evidence that horses are exposed to L. interrogans and, as a shedder of these organisms, can be a threat to humans. We examined risk factors associated with the risk of testing seropositive to three L. interrogans serovars (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, and L. canicola) in the horses of New York State, in order to understand the epidemiology of the disease and suggest strategies to control and prevent equine leptospirosis. To carry out this study, blood samples were collected from a random sample of 2551 horses and tested for the presence of antibodies to the above serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. Samples with a titer $100 were considered positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected on each horse, the farms' management practices and ecology. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multivariate indexing system and to identify factors significantly associated with the risk of leptospirosis. Four indices were developed based on the possible sources of exposure: rodent exposure index; wildlife exposure index; soil and water index; and management index. The soil and water index was significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management was positively associated with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. Density of horses turned out together was positively associated with the risk of exposure to L. grippotyphosa. We concluded that indirect exposure of horses to L. interrogans through contaminated soil and water appears to be significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management appears to play an important role in the exposure to L. interrogans. Modification of management practices might reduce the horses' risk of exposure and hopefully minimize the human hazards.
	Address	Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-5877	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9762736			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2653
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	Author	Kida, H.
	Title	[Ecology of influenza viruses in animals and the mechanism of emergence of new pandemic strains]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Nippon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Nippon Rinsho
	Volume	55	Issue	10	Pages	2521-2526
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza, Human/transmission/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses
	Abstract	Ecological studies on influenza viruses revealed that the hemagglutinin genes are introduced into new pandemic strains from viruses circulating in migratory ducks through domestic ducks and pigs in southern China. Experimental infection of pigs with 38 avian influenza virus strains with H1-H13 hemagglutinins showed that at least one strain of each HA subtype replicated in the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Co-infection of pigs with a swine virus and with an avian virus generated reassortant viruses. The results indicate that avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the generation of reassortants. Virological surveillance revealed that influenza viruses in waterfowl reservoir are perpetuated year-by-year in the frozen lake water while ducks are absent.
	Address	Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Japanese	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0047-1852	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9360367			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2654
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Lemasson, J.J.; Fontenille, D.; Lochouarn, L.; Dia, I.; Simard, F.; Ba, K.; Diop, A.; Diatta, M.; Molez, J.F.
	Title	Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis (Diptera:Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of Medical Entomology	Abbreviated Journal	J Med Entomol
	Volume	34	Issue	4	Pages	396-403
	Keywords	Animals; Anopheles/parasitology; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Desert Climate; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Insect Vectors/parasitology; Longitudinal Studies; Malaria/transmission; Malaria, Falciparum/transmission; Periodicity; Plasmodium malariae/isolation & purification; Protozoan Proteins/analysis; Rain; Seasons; Senegal; Sheep/parasitology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The ecology, population dynamics, and malaria vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis were studied for 2 yr in a Sahelian village of Senegal. Anophelines were captured at human bait and resting indoors by pyrethrum spray. Mosquitoes belonging to the An. gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Of 26,973 females, An. arabiensis represented 79% of the mosquitoes captured and remained in the study area longer than An. gambiae after the rains terminated. There were no differences in nocturnal biting cycles or endophagous rates between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. Based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test of bloodmeals, the anthropophilic rate of these 2 vectors were both approximately 60%, when comparisons were made during the same period. Overall, 18% of the resting females had patent mixed bloodmeals, mainly human-bovine. The parity rates of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis varied temporally. Despite similar behavior, the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) rates were different between An. gambiae (4.1%) and An. arabiensis (1.3%). P. malariae and P. ovale only represented 4% of the total Plasmodium identified in mosquitoes. Transmission was seasonal, occurring mainly during 4 mo. The CSP entomological inoculation rates were 128 bites per human per year for the 1st yr and 100 for the 2nd yr. Because of the combination of a high human biting rate and a low CSP rate, An. arabiensis accounted for 63% of transmission. Possible origin of differences in CSP rate between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis is discussed in relation to the parity rate, blood feeding frequency, and the hypothesis of genetic factors.
	Address	Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en cooperation (ORSTOM), Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2585	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9220672			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2655
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Fulhorst, C.F.; Hardy, J.L.; Eldridge, B.F.; Chiles, R.E.; Reeves, W.C.
	Title	Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Trop Med Hyg
	Volume	55	Issue	2	Pages	185-189
	Keywords	Aedes/virology; Animals; Antibodies, Viral/blood; California/epidemiology; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Deer; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Encephalitis Virus, California/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis, California/epidemiology/veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Lagomorpha; Male; Neutralization Tests/veterinary; Peromyscus; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Sigmodontinae
	Abstract	This paper reports the first isolation of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus from coastal California and the results of tests for antibody to JC virus in mammals living in coastal California. The virus isolation was made from a pool of 50 Aedes dorsalis females collected as adults from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California. The virus isolate was identified by two-way plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization tests done in Vero cell cultures. Sera from the mammals were tested for antibody to JC virus by a plaque-reduction serum dilution neutralization method. A high prevalence of JC virus-specific antibody was found in horses and cattle sampled from Morro Bay. This finding is additional evidence for the presence of a virus antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus in Morro Bay and indicates that the vectors of the virus in Morro Bay feed on large mammals. A high prevalence of virus-specific antibody was also found in horses sampled from Marin and San Diego counties. This finding suggests that viruses antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus are geographically widespread in coastal California.
	Address	School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9637	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8780458			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2656
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