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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
How animals do business |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
292 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
54-61 |
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Keywords  |
Animals; Attitude; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus; Cooperative Behavior; *Economics; Emotions; Fishes; Food; Humans; Pan troglodytes; Papio; Social Behavior |
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Emory University, USA |
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English |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:15915815 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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166 |
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Author |
Robert, N.; Walzer, C.; Ruegg, S.R.; Kaczensky, P.; Ganbaatar, O.; Stauffer, C. |
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Title |
Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses (Equus caballus przewalskii) in southwestern Mongolia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of zoo and Wildlife Medicine : Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zoo Wildl Med |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
273-285 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Babesiosis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Cause of Death; Conservation of Natural Resources; Disease Susceptibility/veterinary; Environment; Female; Food Chain; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology; Horses; Male; Mongolia/epidemiology; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; *Streptococcus equi; Theileriasis/*epidemiology/pathology; Weather |
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Abstract |
The Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild by the mid 1960s. The species has survived because of captive breeding only. The Takhin Tal reintroduction project is run by the International Takhi Group; it is one of two projects reintroducing horses to the wild in Mongolia. In 1997 the first harem group was released. The first foals were successfully raised in the wild in 1999. Currently, 63 Przewalski's horses live in Takhin Tal. Little information exists on causes of mortality before the implementation of a disease-monitoring program in 1998. Since 1999, all dead horses recovered (n = 28) have been examined and samples collected and submitted for further investigation. Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi, is endemic in Takhin Tal and was identified as the cause of death of four stallions and one stillborn foal. In December 2000, wolf predation was implicated in the loss of several Przewalski's horses. However, thorough clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic investigations performed on dead and surviving horses of this group revealed lesions compatible with strangles. The extreme Mongolian winter of 2000-2001 is thought to have most probably weakened the horses, making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and subsequent wolf predation. Other occasional causes of death since 1999 were trauma, exhaustion, wasting, urolithiasis, pneumonia, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathologic examination of the Przewalski's horses did not result in a definitive diagnosis in each case. Several disease factors were found to be important in the initial phase of the reintroduction, which could potentially jeopardize the establishment of a self-sustaining population. |
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Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Langgass-Strasse 122, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland |
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1042-7260 |
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PMID:17323569 |
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2023 |
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Author |
Holzapfel, W.H.; Botha, S.J. |
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Title |
Physiology of Sporolactobacillus strains isolated from different habitats and the indication of in vitro antagonism against Bacillus species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
International Journal of Food Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int J Food Microbiol |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
161-168 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bacillaceae/isolation & purification/*physiology; Bacillus/*physiology; Cattle; *Ecology; Feces/*microbiology; Food Microbiology; Horses; Sewage; Sheep; Water Microbiology |
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Abstract |
In an ecological study only low numbers of Sporolactobacillus were found in habitats such as the faeces of herbivores, the rumen of cattle and the final waste water of an abattoir. Their presence in the final waste water of an abattoir indicates their possible association with food, and, more specifically, with meat. Differences were found in some physiological characteristics. One isolate (L2404) differed from the authentic Sporolactobacillus ATCC 15538 by its inability to ferment inulin, its growth in presence of 6.5% NaCl and in 0.2% tellurite, by the isomer(s) of lactic acid produced and the mol% G + G in the DNA. One Sporolactobacillus isolate (L2407) showed antagonism against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus var, mycoides, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis. |
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Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa |
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0168-1605 |
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PMID:3275317 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2675 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; Freeman, C.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
713-724 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Male; *Reward |
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Abstract |
It was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher-value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher-value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward. |
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Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:16786518 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
160 |
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Author |
Griffin, B. |
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Title |
The use of fecal markers to facilitate sample collection in group-housed cats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
51-56 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biological Markers/*analysis; Cats/*physiology/psychology; Diet/veterinary; Feces/*chemistry; Food Coloring Agents/analysis; Housing, Animal; Individuality; Plastics/analysis; Specimen Handling/methods/*veterinary |
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Abstract |
The provision of proper social housing is a priority when designing an experiment using domestic cats as laboratory animals. When animals are group-housed, studies requiring analysis of stool samples from individual subjects pose difficulty in sample collection and identification. In this study, commercially available concentrated food colorings (known as bakers pastes) were used as fecal markers in group-housed cats. Cats readily consumed 0.5 ml of bakers paste food coloring once daily in canned cat food. Colorings served as fecal markers by imparting a distinct color to each cat s feces, allowing identification in the litter box. In addition, colored glitter (1/8 teaspoon in canned food) was fed to cats and found to be a reliable fecal marker. Long-term feeding of colorings and glitter was found to be safe and effective at yielding readily identifiable stools. |
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Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36841, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1060-0558 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:11958604 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4165 |
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Author |
Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. |
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Title |
Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
351-362 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; *Food; Judgment/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception |
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Abstract |
Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large. |
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Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:16045389 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2766 |
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Author |
Emery, N.J.; Dally, J.M.; Clayton, N.S. |
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Title |
Western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica) use cognitive strategies to protect their caches from thieving conspecifics |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-43 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds/*physiology; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; *Food; Male; *Memory |
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Abstract |
Food caching birds hide food and recover the caches when supplies are less abundant. There is, however, a risk to this strategy because the caches are susceptible to pilfering by others. Corvids use a number of different strategies to reduce possible cache theft. Scrub-jays with previous experience of pilfering other's caches cached worms in two visuospatially distinct caching trays either in private or in the presence of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in private, they subsequently observed both trays out of reach of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in the presence of a conspecific, they subsequently watched the observer pilfering from one of the trays while the other tray was placed in full view, but out of reach. The storers were then allowed to recover the remaining caches 3 h later. Jays cached more worms when they were observed during caching. At the time of recovery, they re-cached more than if they had cached in private, selectively re-caching outside of the trays in sites unbeknown to potential thieves. In addition, after a single pilfering trial, the jays switched their recovery strategy from predominantly checking their caches (i.e. returning to a cache site to see whether the food remained there) to predominantly eating them. Re-caching remained constant across the three trials. These results suggest that scrub-jays use flexible, cognitive caching and recovery strategies to aid in reducing potential future pilfering of caches by conspecifics. |
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Sub-department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, CB3 8AA Madingley, Cambs, UK. nje23@cam.ac.uk |
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English |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:12827547 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2566 |
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Author |
Goncalves, T.C.; Rocha, D.S.; Cunha, R.A. |
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Title |
Feeding patterns of Triatoma vitticeps in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Revista de Saude Publica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Saude Publica |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
348-352 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Chagas Disease/transmission; Dogs; Ecology; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Food Habits/physiology; Humans; Insect Vectors/*physiology; Male; Triatoma/*physiology; *Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: Feeding patterns of triatomines have contributed to elucidate its biology. Triatoma vitticeps, naturally infected with T. cruzi, has been found in domiciles. Its behavior and epidemiological patterns were investigated. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty two specimens of T. vitticeps were captured from February 1989 to April 1993 in two areas of Triunfo municipality, a subdistrict of Santa Maria Madalena municipal district, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The insects were dissected and their intestinal contents were removed and tested. It was used antisera from: man, cow, horse, dog, pig, armadillo, opossum, rodent, and bird. RESULTS: From the total analyzed, 79 were positive and 43 were negative to the nine antisera tested: armadillo (30.3%) > human and pig (13.1%) > bird and dog (11.5%) > horse (5.7%) > opossum (4.9%) > rodent (4. 1%) > cow (3.3%). Blood meals ranged from 0 to 4 and 6 in the following distribution: 0 = 25.41%; 1 = 45.08%; 2 = 10.66%; 3 = 6. 56%; 4 = 1.64%, and 6 = 0.82%. Nine of the 122 insects captured were not examined, 74 (65.54%) were positive for T. cruzi infection and 39 (34.51%) were negative. CONCLUSIONS: These results identified the T. vitticeps as being a sylvatic species and trypanosomiasis as being an enzootic disease. Epidemiological vigilance will be important to provide more information regarding the behavior of the species |
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Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto swaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. tcmonte@gene.dbbm.fiocruz.br |
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0034-8910 |
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PMID:10973153 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2650 |
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Author |
Westergaard, G.C.; Liv, C.; Rocca, A.M.; Cleveland, A.; Suomi, S.J. |
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Title |
Tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) attribute value to foods and tools during voluntary exchanges with humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
19-24 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Food; Humans; *Object Attachment; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
This research examined exchange and value attribution in tufted capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella). We presented subjects with opportunities to obtain various foods and a tool from an experimenter in exchange for the foods or tool in the subjects' possession. The times elapsed before the first chow biscuits were expelled and/or an exchange took place were recorded as the dependent measures. Laboratory chow biscuits, grapes, apples, and a metal bolt (a tool used to probe for syrup) were used as experimental stimuli. The subjects demonstrated the ability to recognize that exchanges could occur when an experimenter was present with a desirable food. Results indicate that subjects exhibited significant variation in their willingness to barter based upon the types of foods that were both in their possession and presented by the experimenter. Subjects more readily traded chow biscuits for fruit, and more readily traded apples for grapes than grapes for apples. During the exchange of tools and food, the subjects preferred the following in descending order when the probing apparatus was baited with sweet syrup: grapes, metal bolts, and chow biscuits. However when the apparatus was not baited, the values changed to the following in descending order: grapes, chow, and metal bolts. These results indicate that tufted capuchins recognize opportunities to exchange and engage in a simple barter system whereby low-valued foods are readily traded for more highly valued food. Furthermore, these capuchins demonstrate that their value for a tool changes depending upon its utility. |
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Address |
Division of Research and Development, LABS of Virginia, Inc., 95 Castle Hall Road, P.O. Box 557, Yemassee, SC 29945, USA. Gwprimate@netscape.net |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12884078 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2562 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
A concept of value during experimental exchange in brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
317-330 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Choice Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; *Learning; Male; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; *Token Economy; Video Recording |
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Abstract |
We evaluated the response of brown capuchin monkeys to two differentially valued tokens in an experimental exchange situation akin to a simple barter. Monkeys were given a series of three tests to evaluate their ability to associate tokens with food, then their responses were examined in a barter situation in which tokens were either limited or unlimited. Capuchins did not perform barter in the typical sense, returning the tokens which were associated with the reward. However, females, but not males, showed a different response, preferring the higher-value token. This may indicate that they learned to prefer one token over the other rather than to associate the tokens with their specific rewards. This sex difference parallels previous findings of greater reciprocity in female brown capuchins than in males. |
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Address |
Living Links Center, Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 N. Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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English |
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0015-5713 |
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Notes |
PMID:15486443 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
170 |
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