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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Peace lessons from an unlikely source			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	PLoS biology	Abbreviated Journal	PLoS. Biol.
	Volume	2	Issue	4	Pages	E101
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Culture; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Research; Social Conditions; Social Environment; United States; *Violence
	Abstract
	Address	Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1545-7885	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15094805			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	174
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	Author	Ratcliffe, J.M.; Fenton, M.B.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Behavioral flexibility positively correlated with relative brain volume in predatory bats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Brain, behavior and evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Behav Evol
	Volume	67	Issue	3	Pages	165-176
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/physiology; Organ Size; Predatory Behavior/*physiology
	Abstract	We investigated the potential relationships between foraging strategies and relative brain and brain region volumes in predatory (animal-eating) echolocating bats. The species we considered represent the ancestral state for the order and approximately 70% of living bat species. The two dominant foraging strategies used by echolocating predatory bats are substrate-gleaning (taking prey from surfaces) and aerial hawking (taking airborne prey). We used species-specific behavioral, morphological, and ecological data to classify each of 59 predatory species as one of the following: (1) ground gleaning, (2) behaviorally flexible (i.e., known to both glean and hawk prey), (3) clutter tolerant aerial hawking, or (4) open-space aerial hawking. In analyses using both species level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, relative brain size was larger in behaviorally flexible species. Further, relative neocortex volume was significantly reduced in bats that aerially hawk prey primarily in open spaces. Conversely, our foraging behavior index did not account for variability in hippocampus and inferior colliculus volume and we discuss these results in the context of past research.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. jmr247@cornell.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-8977	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16415571			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	358
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	Author	Miller, G.
	Title	Animal behavior. Signs of empathy seen in mice			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	312	Issue	5782	Pages	1860-1861
	Keywords	Altruism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Empathy; Formaldehyde/administration & dosage; Mice/psychology; Motivation; Pain/psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16809499			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	461
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Thornton, A.; McAuliffe, K.
	Title	Teaching in wild meerkats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	313	Issue	5784	Pages	227-229
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Herpestidae/psychology; Learning; Predatory Behavior; South Africa; *Teaching; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Despite the obvious benefits of directed mechanisms that facilitate the efficient transfer of skills, there is little critical evidence for teaching in nonhuman animals. Using observational and experimental data, we show that wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) teach pups prey-handling skills by providing them with opportunities to interact with live prey. In response to changing pup begging calls, helpers alter their prey-provisioning methods as pups grow older, thus accelerating learning without the use of complex cognition. The lack of evidence for teaching in species other than humans may reflect problems in producing unequivocal support for the occurrence of teaching, rather than the absence of teaching.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. jant2@cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16840701			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2834
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	Author	Hare, B.; Brown, M.; Williamson, C.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	The domestication of social cognition in dogs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	298	Issue	5598	Pages	1634-1636
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Domestic; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cues; Dogs; Food; Humans; Memory; Pan troglodytes; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vision; Wolves
	Abstract	Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12446914			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	595
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	Author	Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P.
	Title	Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina'			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	31	Issue	5	Pages	384-390
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/physiology; Vision/physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
	Abstract	Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10505953			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	836
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	Author	Heyes, C.M.
	Title	Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society	Abbreviated Journal	Biol. Rev.
	Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	207-231
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior
	Abstract	There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
	Address	Department of Psychology, University College London
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1464-7931	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8054445			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	708
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	Author	Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J.
	Title	Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	270	Issue	1510	Pages	45-51
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Heredity; Male; Selection (Genetics); Songbirds/genetics/physiology; Variation (Genetics)
	Abstract	Behaviour under conditions of mild stress shows consistent patterns in all vertebrates: exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness covary in the same way. The existence of highly consistent individual variation in these behavioural strategies, also referred to as personalities or coping styles, allows us to measure the behaviour under standardized conditions on birds bred in captivity, link the standardized measurements to the behaviour under natural conditions and measure natural selection in the field. We have bred the great tit (Parus major), a classical model species for the study of behaviour under natural conditions, in captivity. Here, we report a realized heritability of 54 +/- 5% for early exploratory behaviour, based on four generations of bi-directional artificial selection. In addition to this, we measured hand-reared juveniles and their wild-caught parents in the laboratory. The heritability found in the mid-offspring-mid-parent regression was significantly different from zero. We have thus established the presence of considerable amounts of genetic variation for personality types in a wild bird.
	Address	Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. drent@cto.nioo.knaw.nl
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12590770			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	591
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	Author	Earley, R.L.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Eavesdropping on visual cues in green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) fights: a case for networking			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	269	Issue	1494	Pages	943-952
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cyprinodontiformes; Female; Male
	Abstract	Aggressive contests probably occur in networking environments where information about fighting ability is conveyed both to an opponent and to individuals peripheral to the fight itself, the bystanders. Our primary aim was to investigate the relative influences of eavesdropping and prior social experience on the dynamics of aggressive contests in Xiphophorus helleri. A bystander's ability to witness an encounter was manipulated using clear, one-way mirror, and opaque partitions. After watching (or not watching) the initial contest, the bystander encountered either the winner or loser of the bout. Treatment comparisons of bystander-winner or bystander-loser contest dynamics indicated the presence or absence of winner, loser, or eavesdropping effects. Winner and loser effects had negligible influences on bystander contest dynamics. Eavesdropping significantly reduced the bystander's propensity to initiate aggression, escalate, and win against seen winners regardless of whether the watched bout had escalated or not. Though eavesdropping had relatively little effect on bystander-loser contest dynamics, bystanders were less prone to initiate aggression and win against losers that had escalated in the witnessed bout. Thus, bystanders appear to preferentially retain and utilize information gained about potentially dangerous opponents (winners or persistent losers). Our data lend clear support for the importance of eavesdropping in visually based aggressive signalling systems.
	Address	Department of Biology, Life Science, Room 139, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. rlearl01@athena.louisville.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12028778			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	498
Permanent link to this record



	Author	McComb, K.; Clutton-Brock, T.
	Title	Is mate choice copying or aggregation responsible for skewed distributions of females on leks?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	255	Issue	1342	Pages	13-19
	Keywords	Animals; Deer/physiology; Estrus/physiology; Female; Male; Phenotype; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Territoriality
	Abstract	In several lek-breeding populations of birds and mammals, females arriving on leks tend to join males that already have females in their territories. This might occur either because females have an evolved preference for mating with males that are attractive to other females, or because they join groups of other females to obtain greater safety from predation or dangerous harassment by males. We have previously used controlled experiments to show that oestrous fallow deer females join males with established harems because they are attracted to female groups rather than to the males themselves. Here we demonstrate that the preference for males with females over males without females is specific to oestrous females and weak or absent in anoestrous ones, and that it is not associated with a preference for mating with males that have previously been seen to mate with other females. Furthermore, oestrous females given the choice between males that do not already have females with them show no significant preference for antlered over deantlered males or for older males over younger ones. We conclude that female attraction to other females on the lek is likely to be an adaptation to avoiding harassment in mixed-sex herds. In this situation, a male's ability to maintain the cohesion of his harem may be the principal cause of variation in mating success between males.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, U.K
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8153135			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1823
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