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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	A Matter of Degree: Strength of Brain Asymmetry and Behaviour			Type
	Year	2017	Publication	Symmetry	Abbreviated Journal	Symmetry
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	functional asymmetry; strength of lateralization; direction of lateralization; advantages; disadvantages; vertebrate species; limb preference; eye bias
	Abstract	Research on a growing number of vertebrate species has shown that the left and right sides of the brain process information in different ways and that lateralized brain function is expressed in both specific and broad aspects of behaviour. This paper reviews the available evidence relating strength of lateralization to behavioural/cognitive performance. It begins by considering the relationship between limb preference and behaviour in humans and primates from the perspectives of direction and strength of lateralization. In birds, eye preference is used as a reflection of brain asymmetry and the strength of this asymmetry is associated with behaviour important for survival (e.g., visual discrimination of food from non-food and performance of two tasks in parallel). The same applies to studies on aquatic species, mainly fish but also tadpoles, in which strength of lateralization has been assessed as eye preferences or turning biases. Overall, the empirical evidence across vertebrate species points to the conclusion that stronger lateralization is advantageous in a wide range of contexts. Brief discussion of interhemispheric communication follows together with discussion of experiments that examined the effects of sectioning pathways connecting the left and right sides of the brain, or of preventing the development of these left-right connections. The conclusion reached is that degree of functional lateralization affects behaviour in quite similar ways across vertebrate species. Although the direction of lateralization is also important, in many situations strength of lateralization matters more. Finally, possible interactions between asymmetry in different sensory modalities is considered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Symmetry
	Series Volume	9	Series Issue	4	Edition
	ISSN	2073-8994	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6167
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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Advantages and disadvantages of lateralization			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	126-153
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	L. J. Rogers,; R. Andrew,
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780521781619	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ L.J.Rogers+R.Andrew(eds)2002			Serial	4624
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	Author	Austin, N.P.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Asymmetry of flight and escape turning responses in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
	Volume	12	Issue	5	Pages	464-474
	Keywords
	Abstract	We investigated whether horses display greater reactivity to a novel stimulus presented in the left compared to the right monocular visual field, and whether a population bias exists for escape turning when the same stimulus was presented binocularly. Domestic horses (N=30) were tested on three occasions by a person opening an umbrella five metres away and then approaching. The distance each horse moved away before stopping was measured. Distance was greatest for approach on the left side, indicating right hemisphere control of flight behaviour, and thus followed the same pattern found previously in other species. When order of monocular presentation was considered, an asymmetry was detected. Horses tested initially on the left side exhibited greater reactivity for left approach, whereas horses tested on the right side first displayed no side difference in reactivity. Perhaps left hemisphere inhibition of flight response allowed horses to learn that the stimulus posed no threat and this information was transferred to the right hemisphere. No population bias existed for the direction of escape turning, but horses that turned to the right when approached from the front were found to exhibit longer flight distances than those that turned to the left.
	Address	University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1357-650X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17712716			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4304
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	Author	Siniscalchi, M.; McFarlane, J.R.; Kauter, K.G.; Quaranta, A.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Cortisol levels in hair reflect behavioural reactivity of dogs to acoustic stimuli			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Research in Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	94	Issue	1	Pages	49-54
	Keywords	Dogs; Behaviour; Cortisol; Hair; Acoustic stimuli
	Abstract	Cortisol levels in hair samples were examined in fourteen domestic dogs and related to the dogs’ responses to different acoustic stimuli. Stimuli were playbacks of species-typical vocalizations recorded during three different situations (“disturbance”, “isolation” and “play” barks) and the sounds of a thunderstorm. Hair samples were collected at 9:00 h and 17:00 h two weeks after the behavioural tests. Results showed that behavioural reactivity to playback of the various stimuli correlates with cortisol levels in hair samples collected at 9:00 h, and the same was the case for the separate measures of behaviour (i.e. hiding, running away, seeking attention from the tester, panting and lowering of the body posture). Hence, levels of cortisol in hair appear to reflect the dog’s chronic state of emotional reactivity, or temperament.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0034-5288	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5833
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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Early Experiential Effects on Laterality: Research on Chicks has Relevance to Other Species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
	Volume	2	Issue	3-4	Pages	199-219
	Keywords
	Abstract	The influence of early experience on the development of lateralisation of hemispheric function was further investigated, using the chick as a model. A range of functions are lateralised in the chick and these correlate with asymmetry in the organisation of the visual projections. Chicks using the right eye and, therefore, primarily the left hemisphere are able to switch from pecking randomly at grain and pebbles to pecking mainly at grain, whereas those using the left eye and primarily the right hemisphere continue to peck at random. Exposure to light during the last days of incubation establishes this lateralisation in males, as a consequence of the embryo being oriented in the egg so that the left eye only is occluded. Males incubated in the dark peck at random when using either the right or left eye. Irrespective of light experience, females perform the same as darkincubated males: they are not influenced by light exposure. Monocular performance of the pebble-grain task is compared to binocular performance, and the sensitive period for the influence of light is delineated. The interactive effects of sex hormone levels on the differentiation of lateralisation are discussed and also the relevance of the results to other species, including humans.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Psychology Press	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1357-650x	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1080/713754277			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5587
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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Evolution of hemispheric specialization: advantages and disadvantages			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Brain and Language	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Lang
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	236-253
	Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/physiology; Chickens/physiology; Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Lateralization of the brain appeared early in evolution and many of its features appear to have been retained, possibly even in humans. We now have a considerable amount of information on the different forms of lateralization in a number of species, and the commonalities of these are discussed, but there has been relatively little investigation of the advantages of being lateralized. This article reports new findings on the differences between lateralized and nonlateralized chicks. The lateralized chicks were exposed to light for 24 h on day 19 of incubation, a treatment known to lead to lateralization of a number of visually guided responses, and the nonlateralized chicks were incubated in the dark. When they were feeding, the lateralized chicks were found to detect a stimulus resembling a raptor with shorter latency than nonlateralized chicks. This difference was not a nonspecific effect caused by the light-exposed chicks being more distressed by the stimulus. Instead, it appears to be a genuine advantage conferred by having a lateralized brain. It is suggested that having a lateralized brain allows dual attention to the tasks of feeding (right eye and left hemisphere) and vigilance for predators (left eye and right hemisphere). Nonlateralized chicks appear to perform these dual tasks less efficiently than lateralized ones. Reference is made to other species in discussing these results.
	Address	Division of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. lrogers@metz.une.edu.au
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0093-934X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10856176			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4621
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	Author	Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Evolution of Side Biases: Motor versus Sensory Lateralization			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Side Bias: A Neuropsychological Perspective	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3-40-40
	Keywords	Medicine & Public Health
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Netherlands	Place of Publication		Editor	Mandal, M.K.; Bulman-Fleming, M.B.; Tiwari, G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0-306-46884-1	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5357
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	Author	Siniscalchi, M.; Quaranta, A.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Hemispheric specialization in dogs for processing different acoustic stimuli			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	PloS ONE	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	e3349
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5415
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	Author	Larose, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Laterality of horses associated with emotionality in novel situations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	355-367
	Keywords	Affect/physiology; Animals; Brain/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Horses; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment
	Abstract	We have established that lateral biases are characteristic of visual behaviour in 65 horses. Two breeds, Trotters and French Saddlebreds aged 2 to 3, were tested on a novel object test. The main finding was a significant correlation between emotionality index and the eye preferred to view the novel stimulus: the higher the emotionality, the more likely that the horse looked with its left eye. The less emotive French Saddlebreds, however, tended to glance at the object using the right eye, a tendency that was not found in the Trotters, although the emotive index was the same for both breeds. The youngest French Saddlebreds did not show this trend. These results are discussed in relation to the different training practices for the breeds and broader findings on lateralisation in different species.
	Address	Universite de Rennes 1, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1357-650X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16754236			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	1826
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	Author	Austin, N.P.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Lateralization of agonistic and vigilance responses in Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	151	Issue		Pages	43-50
	Keywords	Behavioural lateralization: Eye preference; Limb preference; Aggression; Vigilance; Reactivity; Przewalski horses
	Abstract	tEye and limb preferences were scored in the closest undomesticated relative of Equuscaballus using the same methods as used previously to study laterality in feral horses.Observations were made of 33 Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) (male N = 20,female N = 13) living under natural social conditions on a large reserve in France. Signifi-cant left-eye/side biases were found in agonistic interactions within harem bands (M ± SEbias to left 58% ± 0.01 for threats, P < 0.001; 68% ± 0.05 for attacks; P < 0.001) and in stallionfights (threats, 52% ± 0.01 left, P < 0.001; attacks, 63% ± 0.02 left, P < 0.001): as many as 80%of the horses were significantly lateralized in attack responses within harem bands. Lat-erality of vigilance was measured as lifting up the head from grazing and turning it to theleft or right side: a directional bias to the left was found (M ± SE 53% ± 0.02 left, P < 0.001).Side bias in reactivity was calculated as the percent of head lifts above the level of thewithers on the left or right side and this was also left side biased (M ± SE 73% ± 0.03 left,P < 0.001). These results indicate right-hemisphere specialization for control of aggressionand responses to novelty. The left bias in attack scores within harem bands was strongerin males than females (P = 0.024) and in immature than adult horses (P = 0.032). Immaturehorses were also more strongly lateralized than adults in vigilance scores (P = 0.022), whichmay suggest that experience reduces these side biases. Our results show that Przewalskihorses exhibit left eye preferences, as do feral horses, and do so even more strongly thanferal horses. Considering feral and Przewalski horses together, we deduce that ancestralhorses had similar lateral biases. Also similar to feral horses, the Przewalski horses showedno significant forelimb preference at the group level or in the majority of horses at theindividual level, confirming the hypothesis that previously reported limb preferences indomestic breeds are entrained or generated by breed-specific selection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5768
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