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Author |
Dutto, D.J.; Hoyt, D.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Cogger, E.A.; Wickler, S.J. |
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Title |
Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
The Journal of Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Biol |
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Volume  |
207 |
Issue |
Pt 4 |
Pages |
667-674 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Hindlimb/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology |
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Abstract |
The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution to the total work by four joints of the hind limb were determined for a jump. It was hypothesized that the hip and ankle joints would have extensor moments performing positive work, while the knee would have a flexor moment and perform negative work during the jump. Ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematics were simultaneously recorded during each jumping trial. Joint moment, power and work were determined for the metatarsophalangeal (MP), tarsal (ankle), tibiofemoral (knee) and coxofemoral (hip) joints. The hip, knee and ankle all flexed and then extended and the MP extended and then flexed during ground contact. Consistent with our hypothesis, large extensor moments were observed at the hip and ankle joints and large flexor moments at the knee and MP joints throughout ground contact of the hind limb. Peak moments tended to occur earlier in stance in the proximal joints but peak power generation of the hind limb joints occurred at similar times except for the MP joint, with the hip and ankle peaking first followed by the MP joint. During the first portion of ground contact (approximately 40%), the net result of the joint powers was the absorption of power. During the remainder of the contact period, the hind limb generated power. This pattern of power absorption followed by power generation paralleled the power profiles of the hip, ankle and MP joints. The total work performed by one hind limb was 0.71 J kg(-1). Surprisingly, the knee produced 85% of the work (0.60 J kg(-1)) done by the hind limb, and the positive work performed by the knee occurred during the first 40% of the take-off. There is little net work generated by the other three joints over the entire take-off. Velocity of the tuber coxae (a landmark on the pelvis of the animal) was negative (downward) during the first 40% of stance, which perhaps reflects the negative work performed to decrease the potential energy during the first 40% of contact. During the final 60% of contact, the hip, ankle and MP joints generate positive work, which is reflected in the increase of the animal's potential energy. |
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Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA. ddutto@csupomona.edu |
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0022-0949 |
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PMID:14718509 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3654 |
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Author |
Witte, T.H.; Knill, K.; Wilson, A.M. |
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Title |
Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
The Journal of Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Biol |
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Volume |
207 |
Issue |
Pt 21 |
Pages |
3639-3648 |
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Keywords |
*Acceleration; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; *Gait; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Telemetry; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Measurement of peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFz) from multiple limbs simultaneously during high-speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding of the locomotor mechanics of cursorial animals. Here, we evaluate the accuracy of predicting peak GRFz from duty factor (the proportion of the stride for which the limb is in contact with the ground). Foot-mounted uniaxial accelerometers, combined with UHF FM telemetry, are shown to be practical and accurate for the field measurement of stride timing variables, including duty factor. Direct comparison with the force plate produces a mean error of 2.3 ms and 3.5 ms for the timing of foot on and foot off, respectively, across all gaits. Predictions of peak GRFz from duty factor show mean errors (with positive values indicating an overestimate) of 0.8+/-0.04 N kg(-1) (13%; N=42; mean +/- S.E.M.) at walk, -0.3+/-0.06 N kg(-1) (3%; N=75) at trot, -2.3+/-0.27 N kg(-1) (16%; N=18) for the non-lead limb at canter and +2.1+/-0.7 N kg(-1) (19%; N=9) for the lead limb at canter. The substantial over- and underestimate seen at canter, in the lead and non-lead limbs, respectively, is attributed to the different functions performed by the two limbs in the asymmetrical gaits. The difference in load experienced by the lead and non-lead limbs decreased with increasing speed. |
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Structure and Motion Lab, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK |
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0022-0949 |
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PMID:15371472 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3658 |
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Author |
Barnes, H.G.; Tucker, R.L.; Grant, B.D.; Roberts, G.D.; Prades, M. |
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Title |
Lag screw stabilization of a cervical vertebral fracture by use of computed tomography in a horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
206 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
221-223 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bone Screws/*veterinary; Cervical Vertebrae/*injuries/surgery; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods/*veterinary; Horses/*injuries/surgery; Male; Spinal Fractures/surgery/*veterinary; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary |
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Abstract |
A traumatic fracture of C2 was diagnosed radiographically in a 1-year-old German Warm-blood stallion. Fracture configuration was difficult to see on survey radiographs. Computed tomography yielded a more accurate assessment of the fracture and facilitated fracture repair with cortical lag screws. Precise screw placement, to avoid spinal cord damage, was obtained by use of computed tomography. Follow-up radiography revealed normal bone healing, and the horse was in dressage schooling 24 months after surgery. |
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Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610 |
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0003-1488 |
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PMID:7751226 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3744 |
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Author |
Andrews, F.M.; Ralston, S.L.; Sommardahl, C.S.; Maykuth, P.L.; Green, E.M.; White, S.L.; Williamson, L.H.; Holmes, C.A.; Geiser, D.R. |
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Title |
Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
205 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
721-724 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Body Weight/*physiology; Exertion/*physiology; Female; Horses/blood/*metabolism; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology; Physical Endurance/physiology; Potassium/*blood; Sodium/*blood |
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Body weight of 48 horses competing in a 3-day event was measured the day before the event (baseline), following the dressage phase of the event (day 1), after the endurance phases of the event (day 2), and 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases (day 3). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured the evening before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after the endurance phases. Total body water, water loss, and net exchangeable cation loss were then calculated. Body weight and total body water were significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, at all times during the event, and significant water loss was detected. The largest changes were recorded after the endurance phases of the event. Water deficits were still detected 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases of the event. Mean plasma sodium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, and remained increased after the 10-minute recovery period, presumably because of dehydration. Mean plasma potassium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, but was not increased after the 10-minute recovery period. |
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Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071 |
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0003-1488 |
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PMID:7989242 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3745 |
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Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
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Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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193 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-354 |
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Abstract |
Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
1469-7998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5455 |
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Author |
Belock, B.; Kaiser, L.J.; Lavagnino, M.; Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Comparison of pressure distribution under a conventional saddle and a treeless saddle at sitting trot |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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193 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
87-91 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Rider; Equitation; Tack; Electronic pressure mat |
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Abstract |
It can be a challenge to find a conventional saddle that is a good fit for both horse and rider. An increasing number of riders are purchasing treeless saddles because they are thought to fit a wider range of equine back shapes, but there is only limited research to support this theory. The objective of this study was to compare the total force and pressure distribution patterns on the horse’s back with conventional and treeless saddles. The experimental hypotheses were that the conventional saddle would distribute the force over a larger area with lower mean and maximal pressures than the treeless saddle. Eight horses were ridden by a single rider at sitting trot with conventional and treeless saddles. An electronic pressure mat measured total force, area of saddle contact, maximal pressure and area with mean pressure >11 kPa for 10 strides with each saddle. Univariate ANOVA (P < 0.05) was used to detect differences between saddles. Compared with the treeless saddle, the conventional saddle distributed the rider’s bodyweight over a larger area, had lower mean and maximal pressures and fewer sensors recording mean pressure >11 kPa. These findings suggested that the saddle tree was effective in distributing the weight of the saddle and rider over a larger area and in avoiding localized areas of force concentration. |
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1090-0233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5821 |
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Author |
Arakawa, H.; Arakawa, K.; Blanchard, D.C.; Blanchard, R.J. |
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Title |
A new test paradigm for social recognition evidenced by urinary scent marking behavior in C57BL/6J mice |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
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Volume |
190 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
97-104 |
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Keywords |
Social recognition; Urine marking; Familiarity; Context recognition; C57BL/6J mice |
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Abstract |
Olfaction is a major sensory element in intraspecies recognition and communication in mice. The present study investigated scent marking behaviors of males of the highly inbred C57BL/6J (C57) strain in order to evaluate the ability of these behaviors to provide clear and consistent measures of social familiarity and response to social signals. C57 males engage in scent marking when placed in a chamber with a wire mesh partition separating them from a conspecific. Male mice (C57 or outbred CD-1 mice) showed rapid habituation of scent marking (decreased marking over trials) with repeated exposure at 24-h intervals, to a stimulus animal of the C57 or CD-1 strains, or to an empty chamber. Subsequent exposure to a genetically different novel mouse (CD-1 after CD-1 exposure, or CD-1 after C57 exposure) or to a novel context (different shaped chamber) produced recovery of marking, while responses to a novel but genetically identical mouse (C57 after C57 exposure) or to the empty chamber did not. This finding demonstrated that male mice differentiate familiar and novel conspecifics as expressed by habituation and recovery of scent marking, but neither C57 or CD-1 mice can differentiate new vs. familiar C57 males; likely due to similarities in their odor patterns. The data also indicate that scent marking can differentiate novel from familiar contexts. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4639 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Harvey, P.H. |
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Title |
Primates, brains and ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Zool. Lond. |
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190 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
309-323 |
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The paper examines systematic relationships among primates between brain size (relative to body size) and differences in ecology and social system. Marked differences in relative brain size exist between families. These are correlated with inter-family differences in body size and home range size. Variation in comparative brain size within families is related to diet (folivores have comparatively smaller brains than frugivores), home range size and possibly also to breeding system. The adaptive significance of these relationships is discussed. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5451 |
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Author |
Clayton, H.M.; Larson, B.; Kaiser, L.A.J.; Lavagnino, M. |
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Title |
Length and elasticity of side reins affect rein tension at trot |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
188 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
291-294 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Equitation; Training; Rein aids |
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Abstract |
This study investigated the horse’s contribution to tension in the reins. The experimental hypotheses were that tension in side reins (1) increases biphasically in each trot stride, (2) changes inversely with rein length, and (3) changes with elasticity of the reins. Eight riding horses trotted in hand at consistent speed in a straight line wearing a bit and bridle and three types of side reins (inelastic, stiff elastic, compliant elastic) were evaluated in random order at long, neutral, and short lengths. Strain gauge transducers (240 Hz) measured minimal, maximal and mean rein tension, rate of loading and impulse. The effects of rein type and length were evaluated using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Rein tension oscillated in a regular pattern with a peak during each diagonal stance phase. Within each rein type, minimal, maximal and mean tensions were higher with shorter reins. At neutral or short lengths, minimal tension increased and maximal tension decreased with elasticity of the reins. Short, inelastic reins had the highest maximal tension and rate of loading. Since the tension variables respond differently to rein elasticity at different lengths, it is recommended that a set of variables representing different aspects of rein tension should be reported. |
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1090-0233 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6124 |
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Author |
Schnabel, C.L.; Babasyan, S.; Freer, H.; Wagner, B. |
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Title |
Quantification of equine immunoglobulin A in serum and secretions by a fluorescent bead-based assay |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
188 |
Issue |
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Pages |
12-20 |
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Horse; Immunoglobulin A; Monoclonal antibody; Fluorescent bead-based assay; Mucosal secretion |
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Abstract Only few quantitative reports exist about the concentrations and induction of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mucosal secretions of horses. Despite this, it is widely assumed that IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucosal surfaces in the horse. Here, two new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against equine IgA, clones 84-1 and 161-1, were developed and characterized in detail. Both IgA mAbs specifically bound monomeric and dimeric equine IgA in different applications, such as Western blots and fluorescent bead-based assays. Cross-reactivity with other equine immunoglobulin isotypes was not observed. The new IgA mAb 84-1 was used in combination with the previously characterized anti-equine IgA mAb BVS2 for the development and validation of a fluorescent bead-based assay to quantify total IgA in equine serum and various secretions. The IgA assay's linear detection ranged from 64 pg/ml to 1000 ng/ml. For the quantification of IgA in serum or in secretions an IgA standard was purified from serum or nasal wash fluid (secretory IgA), respectively. The different standards were needed for accurate IgA quantification in the respective samples taking the different signal intensities of monomeric and dimeric IgA on the florescent bead-based assay into account. IgA was quantified by the bead-based assay established here in different equine samples of healthy adult individuals. In serum the median total IgA was 0.45 mg/ml for Thoroughbred horses (TB, n = 10) and 1.16 mg/ml in Icelandic horses (ICH, n = 12). In nasopharyngeal secretions of TB (n = 7) 0.13 mg/ml median total IgA was measured, and 0.25 mg/ml for ICH (n = 12). Saliva of ICH (n = 6) contained a median of 0.15 mg/ml, colostrum of Warmbloods (n = 8) a median of 1.89 mg/ml IgA. Compared to IgG1 and IgG4/7 quantified in the same samples, IgA appeared as the major immunoglobulin isotype in nasopharyngeal secretions and saliva while it is a minor isotype in serum and colostrum. The newly developed monoclonal antibodies against equine IgA and the resulting bead-based assay for quantification of total IgA can notably improve the evaluation of mucosal immunity in horses. |
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0165-2427 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6152 |
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