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Author |
Eisgruber, H.; Stolle, F.A. |
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Title |
[Clostridia in carcasses and fresh meat--a literature review] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zentralbl Veterinarmed B |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages  |
746-754 |
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Keywords |
Abattoirs; Animals; Cattle; Clostridium/*growth & development; *Food Microbiology; Horses; Meat/*microbiology; Muscles/*microbiology; Sheep; Swine |
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Abstract |
Clostridia are of large clinical importance as well as in the field of food hygiene, where they are responsible for spoilage but they also have a certain significance as food poisoning organisms. Information on the ecology of Clostridia in samples of deep muscle tissue of slaughtered animals is insufficient. This article is intended to increase the knowledge on the occurrence of different Clostridia species in slaughtered animals. The main emphasis is put on the significance of clostridia in meat hygiene. The theoretical basis of the so called original content of microorganisms (intrinsic bacteria), the factors and pathways of Clostridia spreading in muscles and organs are demonstrated. |
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Institut fur Hygiene und Technologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen |
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German |
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Original Title |
Clostridien in Schlachttierkorpern und frischem Fleisch--Eine Literaturubersicht |
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0514-7166 |
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PMID:1492516 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2668 |
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Author |
Gröschl, M.; Wagner, R.; Rauh, M.; Dörr, H.G. |
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Title |
Stability of salivary steroids: the influences of storage, food and dental care |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Steroids |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
66 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
737-741 |
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Keywords |
Cortisol; 17OH-Progesterone; Progesterone; Saliva; Stability |
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Abstract |
We studied influences of dental care, food and storage on the reproducibility of salivary steroid levels. Cortisol (F), 17OH-progesterone (17OHP) and Progesterone (P) were measured using adapted commercial radioimmunoassays. Saliva samples of healthy adults (n = 15; m:8; f:7) were collected directly before and after dental care, and directly before and after breakfast with various foodstuffs. A second experiment investigated stability of steroids under different storage conditions. Four series of identical saliva portions (I: Native saliva; II: Centrifuged saliva; III: Saliva with trifluor acetate (TFA); IV: Saliva with 0.5% NaN3) were stored at room temperature and at 4°C for up to three weeks. To demonstrate influences of repeated thawing and re-freezing of saliva on steroid values, saliva samples (n = 15) were divided into identical portions. These portions were frozen and re-thawed up to 5 times before measurement. Neither dental care nor intake of bread or milk effected the reproducibility of F, 170HP, and P. Steroid levels decreased significantly in the course of three weeks under different storage conditions (P < 0.001). This decrease was clinically relevant from the second week onward, with exception of NaN3 treated samples. After repeated freezing and re-thawing 17OHP and P decreased slightly (about 5%). Only F decreased significantly after the third thawing (P < 0.001). The results show the usefulness of standardized handling of saliva samples for improving reproducibility and reliability of salivary steroid measurements. |
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0039-128x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5561 |
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Author |
Wich, S.A.; de Vries, H. |
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Title |
Male monkeys remember which group members have given alarm calls |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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Volume |
273 |
Issue |
1587 |
Pages |
735-740 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology/*psychology; Cognition/physiology; Fear/physiology/*psychology; Female; Indonesia; Male; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Primates give alarm calls in response to the presence of predators. In some species, such as the Thomas langur (Presbytis thomasi), males only emit alarm calls if there is an audience. An unanswered question is whether the audience's behaviour influences how long the male will continue his alarm calling. We tested three hypotheses that might explain the alarm calling duration of male Thomas langurs: the fatigue, group size and group member behaviour hypotheses. Fatigue and group size did not influence male alarm calling duration. We found that males only ceased calling shortly after all individuals in his group had given at least one alarm call. This shows that males keep track of and thus remember which group members have called. |
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Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.a.wich@bio.uu.nl |
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English |
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0962-8452 |
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Notes |
PMID:16608694 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2816 |
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Author |
Andrews, F.M.; Ralston, S.L.; Sommardahl, C.S.; Maykuth, P.L.; Green, E.M.; White, S.L.; Williamson, L.H.; Holmes, C.A.; Geiser, D.R. |
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Title |
Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
205 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
721-724 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Body Weight/*physiology; Exertion/*physiology; Female; Horses/blood/*metabolism; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology; Physical Endurance/physiology; Potassium/*blood; Sodium/*blood |
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Abstract |
Body weight of 48 horses competing in a 3-day event was measured the day before the event (baseline), following the dressage phase of the event (day 1), after the endurance phases of the event (day 2), and 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases (day 3). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured the evening before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after the endurance phases. Total body water, water loss, and net exchangeable cation loss were then calculated. Body weight and total body water were significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, at all times during the event, and significant water loss was detected. The largest changes were recorded after the endurance phases of the event. Water deficits were still detected 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases of the event. Mean plasma sodium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, and remained increased after the 10-minute recovery period, presumably because of dehydration. Mean plasma potassium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, but was not increased after the 10-minute recovery period. |
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Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071 |
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English |
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ISSN |
0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:7989242 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3745 |
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Author |
Fedak Ma, S.H. |
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Title |
Reappraisal of energetics of locomotion shows identical cost in bipeds and quadrupeds including ostrich and horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
282 |
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Pages |
713-716 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1079 |
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Author |
Kudo, H.; Dunbar, R.I.M. |
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Title |
Neocortex size and social network size in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
62 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
711-722 |
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Abstract |
Primates use social grooming to service coalitions and it has been suggested that these directly affect the fitness of their members by allowing them to reduce the intrinsic costs associated with living in large groups. We tested two hypotheses about the size of grooming cliques that derive from this suggestion: (1) that grooming clique size should correlate with relative neocortex size and (2) that the size of grooming cliques should be proportional to the size of the groups they have to support. Both predictions were confirmed, although we show that, in respect of neocortex size, there are as many as four statistically distinct grades within the primates (including humans). Analysis of the patterns of grooming among males and females suggested that large primate social groups often consist of a set of smaller female subgroups (in some cases, matrilinearly based coalitions) that are linked by individual males. This may be because males insert themselves into the interstices between weakly bonded female subgroups rather than because they actually hold these subunits together. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4726 |
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Author |
Hopster, H.; van der Werf, J.T.; Erkens, J.H.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Title |
Effects of repeated jugular puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Anim. Sci |
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77 |
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3 |
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708-714 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5486 |
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Author |
Legare, C.H.; Nielsen, M. |
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Title |
Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning |
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Journal Article |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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19 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
688-699 |
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Abstract |
Imitation and innovation work in tandem to support cultural learning in children and facilitate our capacity for cumulative culture. Here we propose an integrated theoretical account of how the unique demands of acquiring instrumental skills and cultural conventions provide insight into when children imitate, when they innovate, and to what degree. For instrumental learning, with an increase in experience, high fidelity imitation decreases and innovation increases. By contrast, for conventional learning, imitative fidelity stays high, regardless of experience, and innovation stays low. We synthesize cutting edge research on the development of imitative flexibility and innovation to provide insight into the social learning mechanisms underpinning the uniquely human mind. |
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Elsevier |
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1364-6613 |
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Notes |
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5931 |
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Author |
Goodwin, D.; Davidson, H.P.B.; Harris, P. |
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Title |
Foraging enrichment for stabled horses: effects on behaviour and selection |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
686-691 |
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Keywords |
Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Horse Diseases/*psychology; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal; Male; *Poaceae; *Stereotyped Behavior; Videotape Recording |
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Abstract |
The restricted access to pasture experienced by many competition horses has been linked to the exhibition of stereotypic and redirected behaviour patterns. It has been suggested that racehorses provided with more than one source of forage are less likely to perform these patterns; however, the reasons for this are currently unclear. To investigate this in 4 replicated trials, up to 12 horses were introduced into each of 2 identical stables containing a single forage, or 6 forages for 5 min. To detect novelty effects, in the first and third trials the single forage was hay. In the second and fourth, it was the preferred forage from the preceding trial. Trials were videotaped and 12 mutually exclusive behaviour patterns compared. When hay was presented as the single forage (Trials 1 and 3), all recorded behaviour patterns were significantly different between stables; e.g. during Trial 3 in the 'Single' stable, horses looked over the stable door more frequently (P<0.001), moved for longer (P<0.001), foraged on straw bedding longer (P<0.001), and exhibited behaviour indicative of motivation to search for alternative resources (P<0.001) more frequently. When a previously preferred forage was presented as the single forage (Trials 2 and 4) behaviour was also significantly different between stables, e.g in Trial 4 horses looked out over the stable door more frequently (P<0.005) and foraged for longer in their straw bedding (P<0.005). Further study is required to determine whether these effects persist over longer periods. However, these trials indicate that enrichment of the stable environment through provision of multiple forages may have welfare benefits for horses, in reducing straw consumption and facilitating the expression of highly motivated foraging behaviour. |
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Anthrozoology Institute, University of Southampton, UK |
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English |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:12455839 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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1910 |
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Author |
Slagsvold, T.; Viljugrein, H. |
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Title |
Mate choice copying versus preference for actively displaying males by female pied flycatchers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
679-686 |
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1810 |
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