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	Author	Johnson, D.D.P.; Stopka, P.; Knights, S.
	Title	Sociology: The puzzle of human cooperation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	421	Issue	6926	Pages	911-2; discussion 912
	Keywords	Altruism; Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; Humans; Models, Biological; Punishment; Reward; Risk
	Abstract
	Address	Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. dominic@post.harvard.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12606989			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	467
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Fenton, B.; Ratcliffe, J.
	Title	Animal behaviour: eavesdropping on bats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	429	Issue	6992	Pages	612-613
	Keywords	Acoustics; Animals; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology; Echolocation/physiology; *Evolution; Phylogeny; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15190335			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	500
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Amdam, G.V.; Csondes, A.; Fondrk, M.K.; Page, R.E.J.
	Title	Complex social behaviour derived from maternal reproductive traits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	439	Issue	7072	Pages	76-78
	Keywords	Aging/physiology; Animals; Bees/physiology; Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Infertility, Female; Maternal Behavior/physiology; Ovary/physiology; Pollen/metabolism; Reproduction/physiology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	A fundamental goal of sociobiology is to explain how complex social behaviour evolves, especially in social insects, the exemplars of social living. Although still the subject of much controversy, recent theoretical explanations have focused on the evolutionary origins of worker behaviour (assistance from daughters that remain in the nest and help their mother to reproduce) through expression of maternal care behaviour towards siblings. A key prediction of this evolutionary model is that traits involved in maternal care have been co-opted through heterochronous expression of maternal genes to result in sib-care, the hallmark of highly evolved social life in insects. A coupling of maternal behaviour to reproductive status evolved in solitary insects, and was a ready substrate for the evolution of worker-containing societies. Here we show that division of foraging labour among worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) is linked to the reproductive status of facultatively sterile females. We thereby identify the evolutionary origin of a widely expressed social-insect behavioural syndrome, and provide a direct demonstration of how variation in maternal reproductive traits gives rise to complex social behaviour in non-reproductive helpers.
	Address	Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Gro.Amdam@asu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16397498			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	531
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N.
	Title	Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	428	Issue	6981	Pages	385-386
	Keywords	Accidental Falls/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports
	Abstract	As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport.
	Address	Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15042079			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	535
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Grosenick, L.; Clement, T.S.; Fernald, R.D.
	Title	Fish can infer social rank by observation alone			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	445	Issue	7126	Pages	429-432
	Keywords	Aggression/physiology; Animals; Cognition/physiology; Female; Fishes/physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Social Dominance; Territoriality
	Abstract	Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones (for example, using A > B and B > C to infer A > C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children, TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates, rats and birds. Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously (as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives.
	Address	Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA. logang@stanford.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17251980			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	600
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	308	Issue	5959	Pages	541-543
	Keywords	Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6709060			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	704
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	Author	Whiten, A.
	Title	The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	437	Issue	7055	Pages	52-55
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Culture; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology/psychology; *Social Behavior; Technology
	Abstract	Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that complements the genetic picture we are now developing.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16136127			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	730
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C.
	Title	Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp?			Type
	Year	2001	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	409	Issue	6816	Pages	12
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Philately
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11343083			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	739
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C.
	Title	Cultures in chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	399	Issue	6737	Pages	682-685
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10385119			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	742
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	Author	Dyer, F.C.
	Title	Animal behaviour: when it pays to waggle			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	419	Issue	6910	Pages	885-886
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Bees/physiology; California; Dancing/physiology; Environment; Evolution; Female; Flowers/chemistry; Food; Gravitation; Lighting; Motor Activity/physiology; Odors; Seasons; Sunlight
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12410290			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	769
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