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Author Eisenmann V, openurl 
  Title Le cheval: Passé, présent et avenir. Type Journal Article
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up) Bull Inf Mus Nat Hist Naturelle  
  Volume 30 Issue Pages 29-34  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1052  
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Author OUSTALET E openurl 
  Title Une nouvelle espèce de zèbre, Type Journal Article
  Year 1882 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up) La Nature  
  Volume 10 Issue Pages 12-14  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1444  
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Author Alexander, F.; Chowdhury, A.K. openurl 
  Title Enzymes in the ileal juice of the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1958 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 181 Issue 4603 Pages 190  
  Keywords *Enzymes; *Horses; Ileum/*metabolism; *Enzymes; *Horses; *ILEUM/metabolism  
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  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:13504127 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 121  
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Author de Waal, F.B.M. doi  openurl
  Title A century of getting to know the chimpanzee Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 437 Issue 7055 Pages 56-59  
  Keywords Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Competitive Behavior; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/genetics/*physiology/psychology; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior  
  Abstract A century of research on chimpanzees, both in their natural habitat and in captivity, has brought these apes socially, emotionally and mentally much closer to us. Parallels and homologues between chimpanzee and human behaviour range from tool-technology and cultural learning to power politics and intercommunity warfare. Few behavioural domains have remained untouched by this increased knowledge, which has dramatically challenged the way we view ourselves. The sequencing of the chimpanzee genome will no doubt bring more surprises and insights. Humans do occupy a special place among the primates, but this place increasingly has to be defined against a backdrop of substantial similarity.  
  Address Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 North Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu  
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  ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16136128 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 162  
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Author Whiten, A.; Horner, V.; de Waal, F.B.M. doi  openurl
  Title Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 437 Issue 7059 Pages 737-740  
  Keywords Aging/physiology; Animals; Culture; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/*psychology; *Social Conformity; Technology; Time Factors  
  Abstract Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture.  
  Address Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk  
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  Notes PMID:16113685 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 163  
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Author Brosnan, S.F.; De Waal, F.B.M. doi  openurl
  Title Monkeys reject unequal pay Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 425 Issue 6955 Pages 297-299  
  Keywords Aging; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; Choice Behavior; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; *Reward; Social Justice  
  Abstract During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model, and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations. Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances. However, we are not the only cooperative animals, hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources. Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion.  
  Address Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu  
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  Notes PMID:13679918 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 179  
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Author de Waal, F.B.; Berger, M.L. doi  openurl
  Title Payment for labour in monkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 404 Issue 6778 Pages 563  
  Keywords Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Reward  
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  Address Living Links, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu  
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  Notes PMID:10766228 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 190  
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Author Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. doi  openurl
  Title Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees Type
  Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 647-648  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
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  Notes PMID:10385114 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 195  
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Author de Waal, F.B. doi  openurl
  Title Cultural primatology comes of age Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 635-636  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology  
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  Notes PMID:10385107 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 196  
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Author Flack, J.C.; Girvan, M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C. doi  openurl
  Title Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal (up) Nature  
  Volume 439 Issue 7075 Pages 426-429  
  Keywords Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior  
  Abstract All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations. We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism--conflict management--has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals, significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict, we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship, emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour, social learning and cultural traditions.  
  Address Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu  
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  Notes PMID:16437106 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 298  
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