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Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
A comment on Lafleur et al.'s re-evaluation of mate-choice copying in guppies |
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1998 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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56 |
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2 |
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513-514 |
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1812 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Breaking up fights between others: a model of intervention behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
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265 |
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1394 |
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433-437 |
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To examine when and why animals break up fights between others in their group, I modelled whether ‘winner’ and ‘loser’ effects might be one element driving the evolution of intervention behaviour. I considered one particular type of intervention: when the intervener simply breaks up fights between two others, but does not favour either party in so doing. When victories at time T + 1 are more likely given a victory at time T (i.e. winner effects), intervention is often favoured. Intervention is favoured in these circumstances because the intervening party in essence stops others from ‘getting on a roll’ and climbing up any hierarchy that exists. However, when loser effects alone are at work (defeats at time T + 1 are more likely given a defeat at time T), breaking up fights between others is never selected. If both winner and loser effects are operating simultaneously, then the likelihood of intervention behaviour evolving is a function of the relative strength of these two effects. The greater the winner effect relative to the loser effect, the more likely intervention behaviour is to evolve. |
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10.1098/rspb.1998.0313 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5240 |
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Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Cooperation and the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus reciprocity |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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3 |
Pages |
551-557 |
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For the purpose of distinguishing between mutualism and reciprocity in nature, recent work on the evolution of cooperation has both oversimplifed and undersimplified the distinction between these two categories of cooperation. This article addresses the resulting issues of model testability, clarifies the role of time and argues that the category of `pseudo-reciprocity' is an unnecessary complication. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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480 |
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Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Winner and loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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8 |
Issue |
6 |
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583-587 |
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In the literature on dominance hierarchies, “winner” and “loser” effects usually are denned as an increased probability of winning at time T, bated on victories at time T-l, T-2, etc, and an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at T-1, T-2, etc., respectively. Despite some early theoretical work on winner and loser effects, these factors and how they affect the structure of dominance hierarchies have not been examined in detail. I developed a computer simulation to examine winner and loser effects when such effects are independent of one another (as well as when they interact) and when combatants assess each other's resource-holding power. When winner effects alone were important, a hierarchy in which all individuals held an unambiguous rank was found. When only loser effects were important, a dear alpha individual always emerged, but the rank of others in the group was often unclear because of the scarcity of aggressive interactions. Increasing winner effects for a given value of the loser effect increase the number of individuals with unambiguous positions in a hierarchy and the converse is true for increasing the value of the loser effect for a given winner effect Although winner and loser effects have been documented in a number of species, no study has documented both winner and loser effects (using some controlled, pairwise testing system) and the detailed nature of behavioral interactions when individuals are in groups. I hope the results of this model will spur such studies in the future. |
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10.1093/beheco/8.6.583 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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759 |
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Author |
Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert |
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Year |
1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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52 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
423-425 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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475 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M. |
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Title |
Cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and group selection in fishes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Biosystems |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biosystems |
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37 |
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1-2 |
Pages |
19-30 |
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By-product mutualism; Cooperative behavior; Fish; Reciprocal altruism; Trait-group selection |
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Abstract |
Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve not only via reciprocal altruism but also via trait-group selection or by-product mutualism (or some combination of all three categories). Therefore the (iterated) prisoner's dilemma is an insufficient paradigm for studying the evolution of cooperation. We replace this game by the cooperator's dilemma, which is more versatile because it enables all three categories of cooperative behavior to be examined within the framework of a single theory. Controlled studies of cooperation among fish provide examples of each category of cooperation. Specifically, we describe reciprocal altruism among simultaneous hermaphrodites that swap egg parcels, group-selected cooperation among fish that inspect dangerous predators and by-product mutualism in the cooperative foraging of coral-reef fish. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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481 |
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Author |
Crowley, P.H.; Provencher, L.; Sloane, S.; Dugatkin, L.A.; Spohn, B.; Rogers, L.; Alfieri, M. |
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Title |
Evolving cooperation: the role of individual recognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Biosystems |
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Biosystems |
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37 |
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1-2 |
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49-66 |
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Game theory; Genetic algorithms; Individual recognition; Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma; Reciprocal altruism |
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Abstract |
To evaluate the role of individual recognition in the evolution of cooperation, we formulated and analyzed a genetic algorithm model (EvCo) for playing the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) game. Strategies compete against each other during each generation, and successful strategies contribute more of their attributes to the next generation. Each strategy is encoded on a `chromosome' that plays the IPD, responding to the sequences of most recent responses by the interacting individuals (chromosomes). The analysis reported in this paper considered different memory capabilities (one to five previous interactions), pairing continuities (pairs of individuals remain together for about one, two, five, or 1000 consecutive interactions), and types of individual recognition (recognition capability was maximal, nil, or allowed to evolve between these limits). Analysis of the results focused on the frequency of mutual cooperation in pairwise interactions (a good indicator of overall success in the IPD) and on the extent to which previous responses by the focal individual and its partner were associated with the partner's identity (individual recognition). Results indicated that a fixed, substantial amount of individual recognition could maintain high levels of mutual cooperation even at low pairing continuities, and a significant but limited capability for individual recognition evolved under selection. Recognition generally increased mutual cooperation more when the recent responses of individuals other than the current partner were ignored. Titrating recognition memory under selection using a fitness cost suggested that memory of the partner's previous responses was more valuable than memory of the focal's previous responses. The dynamics produced to date by EvCo are a step toward understanding the evolution of social networks, for which additional benefits associated with group interactions must be incorporated. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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483 |
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Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor |
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1996 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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51 |
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2 |
Pages |
455-457 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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487 |
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Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability |
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1995 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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6 |
Issue |
4 |
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416-423 |
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We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small. |
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10.1093/beheco/6.4.416 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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447 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Hoglund, J. |
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Title |
Delayed breeding and the evolution of mate copying in lekking species |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
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J. Theor. Biol. |
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174 |
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3 |
Pages |
261-267 |
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Recent experimental evidence indicates that females may copy the mate choice of others. Here, we present a model for the evolution of mate copying strategies in lekking species. In the model, all females (copiers and non-copiers) assess male quality, but a copier's assessment of a male's quality increases after males have mated with other females. The model demonstrates that mate copying is favored when breeding late in the season has a relatively high cost. We hope that our results will spur empirical work quantifying the time constraints associated with breeding, thus allowing more direct tests of the model's predictions. |
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