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Author |
Whiten, A.; McGrew, W.C. |
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Title |
Is this the first portrayal of tool use by a chimp? |
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Year |
2001 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
409 |
Issue |
6816 |
Pages |
12 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Philately |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:11343083 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
739 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C. |
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Title |
Cultures in chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
682-685 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species. |
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Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385119 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
742 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385114 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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195 |
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Author |
Vokey, J.R.; Rendall, D.; Tangen, J.M.; Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
194-199 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; Random Allocation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
The male-offspring biased visual kin recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reported by L. A. Parr and F. B. M. de Waal (1999) was replicated with human (Homo sapiens) participants and a principal components analysis (PCA) of pixel maps of the chimpanzee face photos. With the same original materials and methods, both humans and the PCA produced the same asymmetry in kin recognition as found with the chimpanzees. The PCA suggested that the asymmetry was a function of differences in the distribution of global characteristics associated with the framing of the faces in the son and daughter test sets. Eliminating potential framing biases, either by cropping the photos tightly to the faces or by rebalancing the recognition foils, eliminated the asymmetry but not human participants' ability to recognize chimpanzee kin. |
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Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. vokey@uleth.ca |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:15250806 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
171 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; Jeannotte, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
149-159 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Play and Playthings; Recognition (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology); *Social Perception |
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Abstract |
Prescriptive social rules are enforced statistical regularities. The authors investigated whether juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and use enforced statistical regularities to guide dyadic play behavior. They hypothesized (a) that proximity of adults, especially mothers of younger play partners, to play bouts will increase the play signaling of older partners and (b) that when juvenile-juvenile play bouts occur in proximity to adults, older partners will play at a lower intensity than when no adults are present. They found that older and younger partners increase their play signaling in the presence of the mothers of younger partners, particularly as the intensity of play bouts increases. In contrast to their hypothesis, older partners played more roughly when the mothers of younger partners were in proximity. These results suggest that juvenile chimpanzees increase play signaling to prevent termination of the play bouts by mothers of younger partners. |
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Santa Fe Institute, NM 97501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:15250802 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
172 |
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Author |
Vlamings, P.H.J.M.; Uher, J.; Call, J. |
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Title |
How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-70 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Food; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; *Learning; Male; Pan paniscus/*psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/*psychology; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible. |
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Address |
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. p.vlamings@psychology.unimaas.nl |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16435965 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2765 |
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Author |
Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. |
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Title |
Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
351-362 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; *Food; Judgment/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception |
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Abstract |
Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large. |
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Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16045389 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2766 |
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Author |
Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M. |
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Title |
Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
203-212 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence. |
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Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:15279511 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2767 |
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Author |
Reimers, M.; Schwarzenberger, F.; Preuschoft, S. |
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Title |
Rehabilitation of research chimpanzees: stress and coping after long-term isolation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm Behav |
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51 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
428-435 |
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Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology; Animals; *Animals, Laboratory; Exploratory Behavior; Hydrocortisone/analysis/metabolism; Male; Models, Biological; *Pan troglodytes; Social Dominance; Social Environment; *Social Isolation/psychology; Stress/*rehabilitation/veterinary; Time |
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We report on the permanent retirement of chimpanzees from biomedical research and on resocialization after long-term social isolation. Our aim was to investigate to what extent behavioral and endocrine measures of stress in deprived laboratory chimpanzees can be improved by a more species-typical social life style. Personality in terms of novelty responses, social dominance after resocialization and hormonal stress susceptibility were affected by the onset of maternal separation of infant chimpanzees and duration of deprivation. Chimpanzees, who were separated from their mothers at a younger age and kept in isolation for more years appeared to be more timid personalities, less socially active, less dominant and more susceptible to stress, as compared to chimpanzees with a less severe deprivation history. However, permanent retirement from biomedical research in combination with therapeutic resocialization maximizing chimpanzees' situation control resulted in reduced fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Our results indicate that chimpanzees can recover from severe social deprivation, and may experience resocialization as less stressful than solitary housing. |
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Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. reimers@wild-vet.at |
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0018-506X |
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PMID:17292368 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4188 |
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Author |
Shoshani, J.; Kupsky, W.J.; Marchant, G.H. |
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Title |
Elephant brain. Part I: gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Brain Research Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Res Bull |
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70 |
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2 |
Pages |
124-157 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology/blood supply/*physiology; Cats; Chinchilla; Elephants/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Equidae; *Evolution; Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hyraxes; Male; Pan troglodytes; Sheep; Wolves |
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We report morphological data on brains of four African, Loxodonta africana, and three Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and compare findings to literature. Brains exhibit a gyral pattern more complex and with more numerous gyri than in primates, humans included, and in carnivores, but less complex than in cetaceans. Cerebral frontal, parietal, temporal, limbic, and insular lobes are well developed, whereas the occipital lobe is relatively small. The insula is not as opercularized as in man. The temporal lobe is disproportionately large and expands laterally. Humans and elephants have three parallel temporal gyri: superior, middle, and inferior. Hippocampal sizes in elephants and humans are comparable, but proportionally smaller in elephant. A possible carotid rete was observed at the base of the brain. Brain size appears to be related to body size, ecology, sociality, and longevity. Elephant adult brain averages 4783 g, the largest among living and extinct terrestrial mammals; elephant neonate brain averages 50% of its adult brain weight (25% in humans). Cerebellar weight averages 18.6% of brain (1.8 times larger than in humans). During evolution, encephalization quotient has increased by 10-fold (0.2 for extinct Moeritherium, approximately 2.0 for extant elephants). We present 20 figures of the elephant brain, 16 of which contain new material. Similarities between human and elephant brains could be due to convergent evolution; both display mosaic characters and are highly derived mammals. Humans and elephants use and make tools and show a range of complex learning skills and behaviors. In elephants, the large amount of cerebral cortex, especially in the temporal lobe, and the well-developed olfactory system, structures associated with complex learning and behavioral functions in humans, may provide the substrate for such complex skills and behavior. |
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Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa). hezy@bio.uoa.edu.er |
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0361-9230 |
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PMID:16782503 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2623 |
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