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McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2010 |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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5 |
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4 |
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180-186 |
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We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. |
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Elsevier |
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1558-7878 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6501 |
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Author |
Sato, S.; Sako, S.; Maeda, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social licking patterns in cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>): influence of environmental and social factors |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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32 |
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1 |
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3-12 |
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To investigate the functions of social licking in cattle, four calves (one heifer and one steer in each of two herds), known to exhibit frequent social licking were observed continuously for 2 h before sunset for 13 days, using the focal animal sampling method. Calves were observed under various environmental conditions. Social licking significantly decreased on rainy days and tended to increase in a dirty barn and when food was restricted. Solicitation for social licking occurred not only from dominant animals of pairs but also from subordinates. Of the licking interactions, 31% occurred following solicitation, and these accounted for 39% of the total time spent licking. Following solicitation, 78% of social licking was oriented to the head and the neck regions that were inaccessible to self-licking animals. Unsolicited licking, however, was oriented not only to the head and the neck but also to the back and the rump regions, and these two latter regions were the major ones to receive licking. The effect of social relationships on social licking was investigated using least-squares analysis of variance. Social factors investigated were the difference of dominance values, the dominance-subordinance relationship, and kinship and familiarity; the sex of calves involved was also considered. Only familiarity had a significant effect on licking; exchanges of social licking increased with length of cohabitation. We suggest that social licking may have a cleaning effect, a tension-reducing effect and a bonding effect. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80158-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6409 |
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Langbein, J.; Siebert, K.; Nuernberg, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Concurrent recall of serially learned visual discrimination problems in dwarf goats (Capra hircus) |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2008 |
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Behav Proc |
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79 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Langbein2008 |
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6363 |
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Author |
Squire, L. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Memory systems of the brain: a brief history and current perspective |
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2004 |
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Neurobiol Learn Mem |
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82 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Squire2004 |
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6365 |
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Author |
Meddock, T.; Osborn, D. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Neophobia in wild and laboratory mice |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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1968 |
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Psychol Sci |
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12 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Meddock1968 |
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6366 |
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Author |
Galef, B.G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Imitation and local enhancement: Detrimental effects of consensus definitions on analyses of social learning in animals |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2013 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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100 |
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123-130 |
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Imitation; Local enhancement; Emulation; Copying; Culture; Tradition |
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Development of a widely accepted vocabulary referring to various types of social learning has made important contributions to decades of progress in analyzing the role of socially acquired information in the development of behavioral repertoires. It is argued here that emergence of a consensus vocabulary, while facilitating both communication and research, has also unnecessarily restricted research on social learning. The article has two parts. In the first, I propose that Thorndike, 1898, Thorndike, 1911 definition of imitation as “learning to do an act from seeing it done” has unduly restricted studies of the behavioral processes involved in the propagation of behavior. In part 2, I consider the possibility that success in labeling social learning processes believed to be less cognitively demanding than imitation (e.g. local and stimulus enhancement, social facilitation, etc.) has been mistaken for understanding of those processes, although essentially nothing is known of their stimulus control, development, phylogeny or substrate either behavioral or physiological. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6419 |
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Author |
Rutberg, A.T. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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1987 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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75 |
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2 |
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145-154 |
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Abstract Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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0179-1613 |
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doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00648.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6417 |
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Author |
Kruska, D.C.T. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Comparative quantitative investigations on brains of wild cavies (Cavia aperea) and guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus). A contribution to size changes of CNS structures due to domestication |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2014 |
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Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
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Mamm Biol |
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79 |
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4 |
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230-239 |
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Domestication; Allometry; Brain structure volumes; Brain-behavior correlation |
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Intraspecific allometric calculations of the brain to body size relation revealed distinct differences between 127 (67; 60) ancestral wild cavies and 82 (37; 45) guinea pigs, their domesticated relatives. The dependency of both measures from one another remained the same in both animal groups but the brains of guinea pigs were by 14.22% smaller at any net body weight. Consistent with results in other species the domestication of Cavia aperea is also characterized by a decrease of brain size. Fresh tissue sizes of the five brain parts medulla oblongata, cerebellum, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon were determined for 6 cavies and 6 guinea pigs by the serial section method. Additionally the sizes of 16 endbrain structures and those of the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body and the cochlear nucleus were measured. Different decrease values resulted for all these structures concomitant with domestication as was calculated from the amount of total brain size decrease and average relative structure values in the wild as well as the domesticated brain. The size decrease of the entire telencephalon (-13.7%) was within the range of the mean overall reduction as similarly was the case for the total neocortex (-10.7%) whereas the total allocortex (-20.9%) clearly was more strongly affected. The size decrease of the olfactory bulb (-41.9%) was extreme and clearly higher than found for the secondary olfactory structures (around -11%). The primary nuclei of other sensory systems (vision, audition) were decreased to less extent (lateral geniculate: -18.1%; cochlear nucleus: -12.6%). Mass decreases of pure white matter parts were nearly twice as high in contrast to associated grey matter parts (neocortex white versus grey matter; tractus opticus versus lateral geniculate body). The relatively great decrease values found for the limbic structures hippocampus (-26.9%) and schizocortex (-25.9%) are especially notable since they are in good conformity with domestication effects in other mammalian species. The findings of this study are discussed with regard to results of similar investigations on wild and domesticated gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), the encephalization of the wild form, the special and species-specific mode and duration of domestication and in connection with certain behavioral changes as resulted from comparative investigations in ethology, socio-biology, endocrinology and general physiology. |
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1616-5047 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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6401 |
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Author |
Farmer, K.; Krüger, K.; Byrne, R.W.; Marr, I. |
![goto web page url](img/www.gif)
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Sensory laterality in affiliative interactions in domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus) |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2018 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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21 |
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5 |
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631-637 |
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Many studies have been carried out into both motor and sensory laterality of horses in agonistic and stressful situations. Here we examine sensory laterality in affiliative interactions within four groups of domestic horses and ponies (N = 31), living in stable social groups, housed at a single complex close to Vienna, Austria, and demonstrate for the first time a significant population preference for the left side in affiliative approaches and interactions. No effects were observed for gender, rank, sociability, phenotype, group, or age. Our results suggest that right hemisphere specialization in horses is not limited to the processing of stressful or agonistic situations, but rather appears to be the norm for processing in all social interactions, as has been demonstrated in other species including chicks and a range of vertebrates. In domestic horses, hemispheric specialization for sensory input appears not to be based on a designation of positive versus negative, but more on the perceived need to respond quickly and appropriately in any given situation. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Farmer2018 |
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6386 |
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Author |
McVey, A.; Wilkinson, A.; Mills, D.S. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social learning in horses: the effect of using a group leader demonstrator on the performance of familiar conspecifics in a detour task |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2018 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Equine; Imitation; Leader; Social facilitation; Social learning |
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Learning through the observation of others allows the transfer of information without the costs incurred during individual trial and error learning. Horses (Equus caballus) are a highly social species, which might be expected to be capable of learning from others, but experimental findings are inconsistent, and potentially confounded by social facilitation effects not related directly to the learning of the task. We refined the methods used in previous equine social learning studies, to examine and distinguish specific social influences on learning of a task: we used predefined group leaders rather than agonistically dominant individuals to demonstrate a detour task to familiar conspecific observers; in addition we had two control groups: a non-observer (true control) and a group with the demonstrator simply present at the goal (social facilitation control). 44 socially kept horses were allocated to one of the three test conditions and took part in five trials each. Success rate, latency and detour direction were recorded. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the likelihood of them succeeding in the task nor latency to succeed; however there was a significant difference in the route chosen by the groups, with the true control choosing the side with the entrance gate significantly more than either the observer group or social facilitation group. Both of the latter two groups chose to go in the same direction relative to themselves, regardless of which side the gate was. Seven out of nine horses in the observer group chose the same direction as their demonstrator every time. Our results show a significant role of social facilitation on detour behaviour and highlight the importance of including adequate controls for simpler cognitive influences on behaviour before claims can be made about the specific learning of motor actions or goal directed behaviour. Social cues may be important to horses if the task is sufficiently challenging and motivationally important, so future work should consider more demanding, but ecologically relevant situations, in order to maximise the potential revelation of social learning effects which do not depend on simple local or stimulus enhancement effects. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6395 |
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