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	Author	Ben-Shahar, R
	Title	Selectivity in large generalist herbivores: feeding patterns of African ungulates in a semi-arid habitat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	African Journal of Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Afr. J. Ecol.
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	302-315
	Keywords	diet; forage production; grazing; wildebeest; zebra
	Abstract	Feeding habits of free-ranging wildebeest and zebra were monitored in a semi-arid nature reserve, bordering the southwestern part of Kruger National Park, South Africa. The purpose of study was to distinguish and define the feeding niches of two roughage grazers that occur in similar habitat types. The monthly compositions of diets were evaluated by direct observations of feeding bouts over a period of two years when rainfall patterns were average and animal populations were stable. Other analyses evaluated the standing biomass of grass species in the reserve during the wet summer and dry winter seasons. A considerable overlap of grass species composition was found in the diets of wildebeest and zebra. Ordination of bi-monthly records of the diet composition showed greater variations in scores of grasses in zebra diet in comparison to wildebeest. Seasonal patterns were more apparent in the wildebeest diet. Preference ranking of grass species indicated that zebra diet remained constant in winter and summer. Wildebeest diet however, alternated with seasons, showing high preferences during the winter months for grass species which were rejected during summer. The combined assessment of results from three separate statistical methods analysing temporal patterns and preferences in diet composition revealed contradictory trends. The solution, however, relied on the initial assumptions posed. Hence, wildebeest and zebra are essentially generalist feeders which show a limited amount of preference in their choice of diet.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2226
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	Author	Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J.
	Title	Selective grazing behaviour in horses: development of methodology and preliminary use of tests to measure individual grazing ability			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	30	Issue	3-4	Pages	203-221
	Keywords
	Abstract	Methods are described to assess horses' selective grazing ability that includes choosing, sorting and the adaptive value of this behaviour. Choosing ability was tested by the experimenter presenting pairs of cut plant species that were then alternated at each presentation until the test horse had taken three bites of one of the plant pair. The results were analysed in relation to five measures of choosing behaviour: (1) the strength of the choice; (2) correspondence between first bite and the final choice; (3) constancy of the choice over a number of trials; (4) the comparison of the horses' ranking of the species over a number of trials; (5) the constancy of the linear arrangement of the plants over a number of trials. Sorting ability was tested using two methods. A mixture of two plant species was presented either in a clamp or loose in a trough. Results were based on number and weight of plant residues. The adaptive value of the behaviour related to the bitterness of toxic plants. This bitterness was represented in testing by quinine sulphate and a poisonous Senecio species. An extremely bitter substance “Bitrex” was also used in this context but was totally accepted by the horses. The horses' reactions to these substances were monitored using a behavioural score chart. The results from 12 horses revealed that the horses differed individually in their grazing ability. On this basis, the horses were classified as efficient, semi-efficient, or inefficient grazers. This finding has practical implications in deciding which horses may safely graze on pastures infested with toxic plants.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4230
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	Author	Luescher, U.A.; McKeown, D.B.; Halip, J.
	Title	Reviewing the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Vet. Med.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	527-530
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 17; Export Date: 21 October 2008			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4526
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	Author	Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Shldeler, S.E.; Lasley, B.L.; Turner, J.W.J.
	Title	Pregnancy determination in uncaptured feral horses by means of fecal steroid conjugates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Theriogenology	Abbreviated Journal	Theriogenology
	Volume	35	Issue	4	Pages	753-760
	Keywords
	Abstract	This study was carried out to develop an accurate, rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing pregnancy in uncaptured feral horses by analysis of fecal steroid metabolites and to compare the accuracy of this method with diagnosis by urinary estrone conjugates (E(1)C). Paired urine and fecal samples were collected from 40 sexually mature feral mares during August and October. Urine samples were extracted directly from the soil and analyzed by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for E(1)C. Water extracts of fecal samples were assayed by EIA for E(1)C and nonspecific progesterone metabolites (iPdG). Urinary E(1)C, fecal E(1)C and fecal iPdG concentrations for seven mares which produced foals were 3.9 +/- 1.3 (SEM) mug/mg creatinine, 4.2 +/- 0.8 ng/g feces and 1.411 +/- 569.6 ng/g feces, respectively. Urinary E(1)C and fecal E(1)C and iPdG concentrations for the 33 mares which did not produce foals were 0.1 +/- 0.0 mug/mg creatinine and 0.5 +/- 0.1 and 32.8 +/- 4.5 ng/g feces, respectively. These differed (P < 0.01) from values in mares which produced foals.
	Address	Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Montana College Billings, MT 59101 USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0093-691X	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:16726944			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	146
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	Author	Walther, F.R.
	Title	On herding behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	29	Issue	1-4	Pages	5-13
	Keywords
	Abstract	Herding behavior in ungulates is executed mainly by males. There are several forms of herding: guarding a single estrous female; rounding up a bunch of females during the rutting season; territorial herding by which a male keeps females inside his territory; herding of a moving, permanent, harem group; social herding in which group members of both sexes are herded by one dominant male. When put into this sequence, a phenotypical trend is illustrated, leading from an intimate connection of herding with mating behavior toward an increasing independence from sexual behavior and culminating in a complete socialization of herding. Aspects and problems of herding behavior are the recognition of, and the animal's respect for, partners in gregarious species; the animal “taking offense” at activities of others which deviate from its own activity; the active coordination and synchronization of group activities; the use of, and the effects of, threat, dominance and courtship displays in herding; the possibility of substitution among expressive displays in relation to partners of different sex; the communicative function of the animal's orientation relative to the partner; social hierarchy and leadership in a group; the possibility of interspecific herding, particularly in man-animal relationships, which is closely linked to the process of domestication.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2035
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	Author	Chapais, B.; Girard, M.; Primi, G.
	Title	Non-kin alliances, and the stability of matrilineal dominance relations in Japanese macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	41	Issue	3	Pages	481-491
	Keywords
	Abstract	Alliances among kin play a major role in a female's acquisition of her mother's dominance rank in many species of cercopithecines. It is noteworthy, however, that kin rarely form coalitions to challenge females from higher-ranking matrilines, and that matrilineal hierarchies are remarkably stable. One possible reason for the rarity of destabilizing coalitions is that members of high-ranking matrilines form alliances against lower ranking ones. In this paper the patterning of aggressive support among non-kin, and its effect on the stability of rank relations are analysed in a captive group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, composed of three unrelated matrilines. Analysis of the distribution of non-kin interventions in conflicts between matrilines over a 52-month period revealed a clear pattern of preferential support between the two dominant matrilines against the third-ranking one. This pattern was confirmed experimentally. Any member of the two dominant matrilines was unable, individually, to maintain its rank above the third-ranking matriline, but was able to do so in the presence of the other dominant matriline. Non-kin alliances appear to prevent subordinate females from challenging higher ranking females through revolutionary coalitions (formed among subordinates) or through bridging coalitions (formed among individuals ranking above and below the target). Non-kin support is interpreted in terms of cooperation versus reciprocal altruism.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2863
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	Author	Lucas, Z.; Raeside, J.I.; Betteridge, K.J.
	Title	Non-invasive assessment of the incidences of pregnancy and pregnancy loss in the feral horses of Sable Island			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume	44	Issue		Pages	479-488
	Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Atlantic Islands; Estrogens/analysis; Feces/chemistry; Female; Fertilization; Gestational Age; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Incidence; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal
	Abstract	Field observations of 400 totally unmanaged feral horses on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, were complemented by oestrogen determinations in faecal samples from 154 identified females over a 4-year period (454 mare-years). Of mares that were sampled throughout the year and subsequently produced foals, 92.1% exhibited elevated faecal oestrogens between 15 October and 30 March. The results confirm that faecal oestrogens are a useful indicator of pregnancy after approximately 120 days gestation. Distribution of foaling resembled that seen in other feral populations, with 95% of births occurring from April through July. The foaling rate for mares aged 3 years or older was 62.0%, with 50.7% of mares foaling in 3 or 4 years. Foaling rates were low (4.1%) in mares bred as yearlings and rose with age to 70.8% in those bred as 4-year-olds. Fetal loss after Day 120 was deduced from faecal oestrogens to be 26.0% overall, with marked variation from year to year (9.6-37.3%) and with age (70.0% in those bred as yearlings, decreasing to 5.6% in those bred as 4-year-olds). Of 58 mares aged 2 years or older that were sampled every year, about half (49.6%) the barren years were attributable to fetal loss after 120 days gestation. All mares conceived in at least 2 of the 4 years, suggesting that pregnancy loss, even after Day 120, is as important as failure to conceive in causing barren years.
	Address	Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:1795292			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2247
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	Author	Williams, D.O.; Boatwright, R.B.; Rugh, K.S.; Garner, H.E.; Griggs, D.M.J.
	Title	Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	The American journal of physiology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Physiol
	Volume	260	Issue	1 Pt 2	Pages	H100-9
	Keywords	Animals; Consciousness/physiology; Coronary Circulation/physiology; Coronary Disease/pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamic Processes/physiology; Horses/physiology; Hydrogen/metabolism; Lactates/metabolism; Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Potassium/metabolism; Regional Blood Flow
	Abstract	Studies were performed in the conscious pony instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and hydraulic occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intraventricular micromanometer in the left ventricle, and catheters in the left atrium and anterior interventricular vein. Two-minute LAD occlusions were performed every 30 min continuously or during working hours. Data on release of catabolites (potassium, hydrogen ions, and lactate) and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region were obtained periodically during a regimen of 445 +/- 56 occlusions in six animals. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured (microsphere method) before and after an occlusion regimen in four animals. Marked release of catabolites and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region was noted in association with early occlusions when myocardial segment function was severely reduced. With further occlusions, release of these substances decreased while segment function improved. Blood flow was markedly decreased in the initially dysfunctional region during an early occlusion but was at the control level during a later occlusion. Although the metabolic findings are consistent with protection due to “ischemic preconditioning” and no increase in collateral perfusion, the inverse relationship noted between catabolite release and segment function is best explained by flow-dependent mechanisms. These results, together with the myocardial blood flow data, serve to validate a previous assumption that protection against regional myocardial dysfunction under these conditions is due to increased collateral perfusion.
	Address	Department of Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9513	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:1992786			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	98
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	Author	Potts, W.K.; Manning, C.J.; Wakeland, E.K.
	Title	Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	352	Issue	6336	Pages	619-621
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	10.1038/352619a0			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5424
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	Author	Petherick, J.C.; Waddington, D.; Duncan, I.J.H.
	Title	Learning to gain access to a foraging and dustbathing substrate by domestic fowl: is `out of sight out of mind'?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	22	Issue	3	Pages	213-226
	Keywords	Domestic fowl; Dustbathing; Welfare; Learning; Cognition
	Abstract	Domestic fowl were deprived of the opportunity to perform litter-related behaviour for three or four days and were tested in a Y-maze (which they had previously been trained to run) for their ability to associate a coloured cue with gaining access to peat. When the goal boxes were within sight of the choice point, most birds chose peat. However, when the birds had to rely solely on the coloured cue only one bird from 12 showed learning. However, the birds seemed to have some expectation of a reward, as they ran faster if, on the previous trial, they had chosen peat. The inability of the birds to learn the association may have been an artefact of the schedule of deprivation and testing, for when they were hungry and tested in the same way they were again unable to learn an association between the same coloured cue and food reward. The experiment with peat was repeated using “massed” trials (several trials in immediate succession) during training and testing and six from 15 birds showed learning. These results suggest that the initial failure to learn was probably due to the training and testing schedule, that access to peat appears to be rewarding and that hens can learn an association between an abstract cue and a rewarding consequence. This is consistent with the possibility that domestic fowls may have some cognitive representation of peat when it is out of sight.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3609
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