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	Author	Nosek, J.
	Title	The ecology and public health importance of Dermacentor marginatus and D. reticulatus ticks in Central Europe			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Folia Parasitologica	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Parasitol (Praha)
	Volume	19	Issue	1	Pages	93-102
	Keywords	Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Birds; Cattle; Czechoslovakia; Deer; Dermacentor/physiology; Dogs; Ecology; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Europe; Female; Goats; Horses; Insectivora; Male; Mice; Rodentia; Sheep; Swine; *Ticks
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5683	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4670812			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2720
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	Author	Hardy, J.L.
	Title	The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Trop Med Hyg
	Volume	37	Issue	3 Suppl	Pages	18s-32s
	Keywords	Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals
	Abstract	Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification.
	Address	Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9637	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3318522			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2677
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	Author	Macphail, E.M.; Boldhuis, J.J
	Title	The evolution of intelligence: adaptive specializations versusgeneral process			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Biological Reviews	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	76	Issue	3	Pages	341-364
	Keywords	biological constraints, corvids, ecology, food-storing birds, hippocampal size, parids, spatial learning, spatial memory, spatial module.
	Abstract	Darwin argued that between-species differences in intelligence were differences of degree, not of kind. The contemporary ecological approach to animal cognition argues that animals have evolved species-specific and problem-specific processes to solve problems associated with their particular ecological niches: thus different species use different processes, and within a species, different processes are used to tackle problems involving different inputs. This approach contrasts both with Darwin's view and with the general process view, according to which the same central processes of learning and memory are used across an extensive range of problems involving very different inputs. We review evidence relevant to the claim that the learning and memory performance of non-human animals varies according to the nature of the stimuli involved. We first discuss the resource distribution hypothesis, olfactory learning-set formation, and the 'biological constraints' literature, but find no convincing support from these topics for the ecological account of cognition. We then discuss the claim that the performance of birds in spatial tasks of learning and memory is superior in species that depend heavily upon stored food compared to species that either show less dependence upon stored food or do not store food. If it could be shown that storing species enjoy a superiority specifically in spatial (and not non-spatial) tasks, this would argue that spatial tasks are indeed solved using different processes from those used in non-spatial tasks. Our review of this literature does not find a consistent superiority of storing over non-storing birds in spatial tasks, and, in particular, no evidence of enhanced superiority of storing species when the task demands are increased, by, for example, increasing the number of items to be recalled or the duration of the retention period. We discuss also the observation that the hippocampus of storing birds is larger than that of non-storing birds, and find evidence contrary to the view that hippocampal enlargement is associated with enhanced spatial memory; we are, however, unable to suggest a convincing alternative explanation for hippocampal enlargement. The failure to find solid support for the ecological view supports the view that there are no qualitative differences in cognition between animal species in the processes of learning and memory. We also argue that our review supports our contention that speculation about the phylogenetic development and function of behavioural processes does not provide a solid basis for gaining insight into the nature of those processes. We end by confessing to a belief in one major qualitative difference in cognition in animals: we believe that humans alone are capable of acquiring language, and that it is this capacity that divides our intelligence so sharply from non-human intelligence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4797
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	Author	Nettle, D.
	Title	The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	The American Psychologist	Abbreviated Journal	Am Psychol
	Volume	61	Issue	6	Pages	622-631
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Evolution; Female; Fishes; Humans; Insects; Male; Personality/genetics/*physiology
	Abstract	A comprehensive evolutionary framework for understanding the maintenance of heritable behavioral variation in humans is yet to be developed. Some evolutionary psychologists have argued that heritable variation will not be found in important, fitness-relevant characteristics because of the winnowing effect of natural selection. This article propounds the opposite view. Heritable variation is ubiquitous in all species, and there are a number of frameworks for understanding its persistence. The author argues that each of the Big Five dimensions of human personality can be seen as the result of a trade-off between different fitness costs and benefits. As there is no unconditionally optimal value of these trade-offs, it is to be expected that genetic diversity will be retained in the population.
	Address	University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom. daniel.nettle@ncl.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-066X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16953749			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4105
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	Author	Brilot, B.O.; Johnstone, R.A.
	Title	The limits to cost-free signalling of need between relatives			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	270	Issue	1519	Pages	1055-1060
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Birds/physiology; Models, Biological; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Theoretical models have demonstrated the possibility of stable cost-free signalling of need between relatives. The stability of these cost-free equilibria depends on the indirect fitness cost of cheating and deceiving a donor into giving away resources. We show that this stability is highly sensitive to the distribution of need among signallers and receivers. In particular, cost-free signalling is likely to prove stable only if there is very large variation in need (such that the least-needy individuals stand to gain much less than the most-needy individuals from additional resources). We discuss whether these conditions are likely to be found in altricial avian breeding systems--the most intensively studied instance of signalling of need between relatives. We suggest that cost-free signalling is more likely to prove stable and will provide parents with more information during the earlier phases of chick growth, when parents can more easily meet the demands of a brood (and chicks are more likely to reach satiation). Later, informative yet cost-free signalling is unlikely to persist.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. bob21@cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12803895			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	558
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	Author	Matsushima, T.; Izawa, E.-I.; Aoki, N.; Yanagihara, S.
	Title	The mind through chick eyes: memory, cognition and anticipation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Zoological Science	Abbreviated Journal	Zoolog Sci
	Volume	20	Issue	4	Pages	395-408
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/anatomy & histology/physiology; Brain/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Perception/physiology
	Abstract	To understand the animal mind, we have to reconstruct how animals recognize the external world through their own eyes. For the reconstruction to be realistic, explanations must be made both in their proximate causes (brain mechanisms) as well as ultimate causes (evolutionary backgrounds). Here, we review recent advances in the behavioral, psychological, and system-neuroscience studies accomplished using the domestic chick as subjects. Diverse behavioral paradigms are compared (such as filial imprinting, sexual imprinting, one-trial passive avoidance learning, and reinforcement operant conditioning) in their behavioral characterizations (development, sensory and motor aspects of functions, fitness gains) and relevant brain mechanisms. We will stress that common brain regions are shared by these distinct paradigms, particularly those in the ventral telencephalic structures such as AIv (in the archistriatum) and LPO (in the medial striatum). Neuronal ensembles in these regions could code the chick's anticipation for forthcoming events, particularly the quality/quantity and the temporal proximity of rewards. Without the internal representation of the anticipated proximity in LPO, behavioral tolerance will be lost, and the chick makes impulsive choice for a less optimized option. Functional roles of these regions proved compatible with their anatomical counterparts in the mammalian brain, thus suggesting that the neural systems linking between the memorized past and the anticipated future have remained highly conservative through the evolution of the amniotic vertebrates during the last 300 million years. With the conservative nature in mind, research efforts should be oriented toward a unifying theory, which could explain behavioral deviations from optimized foraging, such as “naive curiosity,” “contra-freeloading,” “Concorde fallacy,” and “altruism.”
	Address	Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan. matusima@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0289-0003	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12719641			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2858
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	Author	Milouchine, V.N.
	Title	The role of WHO in international studies on the ecology of influenza in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases	Abbreviated Journal	Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis
	Volume	3	Issue	1-2	Pages	25-31
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans; Influenza A virus/isolation & purification/physiology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Swine/microbiology; World Health Organization
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0147-9571	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6258848			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2692
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	Author	Chilton, N.B.
	Title	The use of nuclear ribosomal DNA markers for the identification of bursate nematodes (order Strongylida) and for the diagnosis of infections			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Health Research Reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Health Res Rev
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	173-187
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Cats; DNA Primers; DNA, Helminth/analysis; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis; Dogs; Horses; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/veterinary; Ruminants; Strongylida/genetics; Strongylida Infections/diagnosis/veterinary
	Abstract	Many bursate nematodes are of major importance to animal health. Animals are often parasitized by multiple species that differ in their prevalence, relative abundance and/or pathogenicity. Implementation of effective management strategies for these parasites requires reliable methods for their detection in hosts, identification to the species level and measurement of intensity of infection. One major problem is the difficulty of accurately identifying and distinguishing many species of bursate nematode because of the remarkable morphological similarity of their eggs and larvae. The inability to identify, with confidence, individual nematodes (irrespective of their life-cycle stage) to the species level by morphological methods has often led to a search for species-specific genetic markers. Studies over the past 15 years have shown that sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA provide useful genetic markers, providing the basis for the development of PCR-based diagnostic tools. Such molecular methods represent powerful tools for studying the systematics, epidemiology and ecology of bursate nematodes and, importantly, for the specific diagnosis of infections in animals and humans, thus contributing to improved control and prevention strategies for these parasites.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. neil.chilton@usask.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1466-2523	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15984323			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2628
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	Author	Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A.
	Title	Tool selectivity in a non-primate, the New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	71-78
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cognition; Female; Learning; Male; Perception; *Songbirds
	Abstract	We present an experiment showing that New Caledonian crows are able to choose tools of the appropriate size for a novel task, without trial-and-error learning. This species is almost unique amongst all animal species (together with a few primates) in the degree of use and manufacture of polymorphic tools in the wild. However, until now, the flexibility of their tool use has not been tested. Flexibility, including the ability to select an appropriate tool for a task, is considered to be a hallmark of complex cognitive adaptations for tool use. In experiment 1, we tested the ability of two captive birds (one male, one female), to select a stick (from a range of lengths provided) matching the distance to food placed in a horizontal transparent pipe. Both birds chose tools matching the distance to their target significantly more often than would be expected by chance. In experiment 2, we used a similar task, but with the tools placed out of sight of the food pipe, such that the birds had to remember the distance of the food before selecting a tool. The task was completed only by the male, who chose a tool of sufficient length significantly more often than chance but did not show a preference for a matching length.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK. jackie.chappell@zoo.ox.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12150038			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2606
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	Author	Beveridge, W.I.
	Title	Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Hist Philos Life Sci
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	23-32
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/microbiology/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history
	Abstract	For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0391-9714	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8310117			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2667
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