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Author Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title (up) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages 152-169  
  Keywords Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule  
  Abstract The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:670890 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 387  
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Author Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title (up) Stimulus relevance in the control of drinking and conditioned fear responses in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Journal of comparative and physiological psychology Abbreviated Journal J Comp Physiol Psychol  
  Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 175-198  
  Keywords Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception; Chickens; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; *Drinking Behavior; Electroshock; *Fear; *Light; Motor Activity; Photic Stimulation; Punishment; Quinine; *Sound; Taste; Visual Perception  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0021-9940 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:5047826 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 390  
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Author Shettleworth, S.J. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Taking the best for learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Behavioural processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 69 Issue 2 Pages 147-9; author reply 159-63  
  Keywords *Algorithms; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Evolution; *Learning; *Models, Theoretical  
  Abstract Examples of how animals learn when multiple, sometimes redundant, cues are present provide further examples not considered by Hutchinson and Gigerenzer that seem to fit the principle of taking the best. “The best” may the most valid cue in the present circumstances; evolution may also produce species-specific biases to use the most functionally relevant cues.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G3. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca  
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  ISSN 0376-6357 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15845301 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 361  
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Author Shettleworth, S.J. url  doi
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  Title (up) The evolution of comparative cognition: is the snark still a Boojum? Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Behav Processes Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 80 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shettleworth2009 Serial 6231  
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Author Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. openurl 
  Title (up) Uncertainty in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Psychonomic bulletin & review Abbreviated Journal Psychon Bull Rev  
  Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 738-745  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception  
  Abstract Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions.  
  Address University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada  
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  ISSN 1069-9384 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:14620372 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 366  
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Author Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title (up) Varieties of learning and memory in animals Type Journal Article
  Year 1993 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 5-14  
  Keywords Animals; Association Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Evolution; Imprinting (Psychology); *Learning; *Memory; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Taste  
  Abstract It is often assumed that there is more than one kind of learning--or more than one memory system--each of which is specialized for a different function. Yet, the criteria by which the varieties of learning and memory should be distinguished are seldom clear. Learning and memory phenomena can differ from one another across species or situations (and thus be specialized) in a number of different ways. What is needed is a consistent theoretical approach to the whole range of learning phenomena, and one is explored here. Parallels and contrasts in the study of sensory systems illustrate one way to integrate the study of general mechanisms with an appreciation of species-specific adaptations.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:8418217 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 380  
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Author Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title (up) Wavelength preferences and brightness cues in the water finding behaviour of sea turtles Type Journal Article
  Year 1968 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 211-257  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Color Perception; Cues; Light; *Turtles; Water  
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  ISSN 0005-7959 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:5717260 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 391  
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Author Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J. doi  openurl
  Title (up) What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 142-154  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans  
  Abstract Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca  
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  Notes PMID:15839772 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 363  
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Author Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Miller, N.Y.; Shettleworth, S.J. doi  openurl
  Title (up) What-where-when memory in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 345-358  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Teaching; Visual Perception/physiology  
  Abstract The authors report a novel approach to testing episodic-like memory for single events. Pigeons were trained in separate sessions to match the identity of a sample on a touch screen, to match its location, and to report on the length of the retention interval. When these 3 tasks were mixed randomly within sessions, birds were more than 80% correct on each task. However, performance on 2 different tests in succession after each sample was not consistent with an integrated memory for sample location, time, and identity. Experiment 2 tested binding of location and identity memories in 2 different ways. The results were again consistent with independent feature memories. Implications for tests of episodic-like memory are discussed.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17044738 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 357  
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