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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Development of a single-code/default coding strategy in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Sci |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
261-264 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
We tested the hypothesis that pigeons could use a cognitively efficient coding strategy by training them on a conditional discrimination (delayed symbolic matching) in which one alternative was correct following the presentation of one sample (one-to-one), whereas the other alternative was correct following the presentation of any one of four other samples (many-to-one). When retention intervals of different durations were inserted between the offset of the sample and the onset of the choice stimuli, divergent retention functions were found. With increasing retention interval, matching accuracy on trials involving any of the many-to-one samples was increasingly better than matching accuracy on trials involving the one-to-one sample. Furthermore, following this test, pigeons treated a novel sample as if it had been one of the many-to-one samples. The data suggest that rather than learning each of the five sample-comparison associations independently, the pigeons developed a cognitively efficient single-code/default coding strategy. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA |
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0956-7976 |
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PMID:11273414 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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246 |
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Author |
Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Directed forgetting in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
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Volume |
113 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
513-532 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0033-2909 |
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PMID:8316612 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
259 |
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Author |
DiGian, K.A.; Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Discriminative stimuli that follow a delay have added value for pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
889-895 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Cues; *Discrimination (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) reported that pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli that require greater effort (more pecks) to obtain over those that require less effort. In the present experiment, we examined two variables associated with this phenomenon. First, we asked whether delay of reinforcement, presumably a relatively aversive event similar to effort, would produce similar effects. Second, we asked whether the stimulus preference produced by a prior relatively aversive event depends on its anticipation. Anticipation of delay was accomplished by signaling its occurrence. Results indicated that delays can produce preferences similar to those produced by increased effort, but only if the delays are signaled. |
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University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:15732699 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
226 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.; Barack, R.C. |
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Title |
Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Journal of learning disabilities |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Learn Disabil |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
540-548 |
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Keywords |
*Attention; Child; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*psychology; Male; Motor Skills; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception |
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0022-2194 |
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PMID:731119 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
270 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S.; Bhatt, R.S.; Allen, J. |
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Title |
Episodic-like memory in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
685-690 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Teaching |
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Abstract |
It has been proposed that memory for personal experiences (episodic memory, rather than semantic memory) relies on the conscious review of past experience and thus is unique to humans. In an attempt to demonstrate episodic-like memory in animals, we first trained pigeons to respond to the (nonverbal) question “Did you just peck or did you just refrain from pecking?” by training them on a symbolic matching task with differential responding required to the two line-orientation samples and reinforcing the choice of a red comparison if they had pecked and the choice of a green comparison if they had not pecked. Then, in Experiment 1, after providing the conditions for (but not requiring) the pigeons to peck at one new stimulus (a yellow hue) but not at another (a blue hue), we tested them with the new hue stimuli and the red and green comparisons. In Experiment 2, we tested the pigeons with novel stimuli (a circle, which they spontaneously pecked, and a dark response key, which they did not peck) and the red and green comparisons. In both experiments, pigeons chose the comparison appropriate to the response made to the test stimulus. Thus, the pigeons demonstrated that they could remember specific details about their past experiences, a result consistent with the notion that they have the capacity for forming episodic-like memories. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:11848586 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
243 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Klein, E.D.; Singer, R.A. |
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Title |
Evidence for detection of one duration sample and default responding to other duration samples by pigeons may result from an artifact of retention-test ambiguity |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
129-134 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Artifacts; Association Learning; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Recognition (Psychology); *Retention (Psychology); *Time Perception; *Transfer (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
S. C. Gaitan and J. T. Wixted (2000) proposed that when pigeons are trained on a conditional discrimination to associate 1 duration sample with 1 comparison and 2 other duration samples with a 2nd comparison, they detect only the single duration, and on trials involving either of the 2 other duration samples, they respond to the other comparison by default. In 2 experiments, the authors show instead that pigeons lend to treat the retention intervals (such as those used by Gaitan and Wixted) as intertrial intervals, and thus, they tend to treat all trials with a delay as 0-s sample trials. The authors tested this hypothesis by showing that divergent retention functions do not appear when the retention interval is discriminably different from the intertrial interval. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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PMID:15078122 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
232 |
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Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
395-403 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation |
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Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:15518989 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
228 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Hyperactivity ratings: statistical regression provides an insufficient explanation of practice effects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of pediatric psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Pediatr Psychol |
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11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
393-396 |
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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*diagnosis; Child; Humans; Male; *Practice (Psychology); *Statistics |
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0146-8693 |
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PMID:3772683 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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261 |
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Author |
Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation and affordance learning by pigeons (Columba livia) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
414-419 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Cues; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Odors; Sound |
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Abstract |
The bidirectional control procedure was used to determine whether pigeons (Columba livia) would imitate a demonstrator that pushed a sliding screen for food. One group of observers saw a trained demonstrator push a sliding screen door with its beak (imitation group), whereas 2 other groups watched the screen move independently (possibly learning how the environment works) with a conspecific either present (affordance learning with social facilitation) or absent (affordance learning alone). A 4th group could not see the screen being pushed (sound and odor control). Imitation was evidenced by the finding that pigeons that saw a demonstrator push the screen made a higher proportion of matching screen pushes than observers in 2 appropriate control conditions. Further, observers that watched a screen move without a demonstrator present made a significantly higher proportion of matching screen pushes than would be expected by chance. Thus, these pigeons were capable of affordance learning. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-004, USA |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:14717643 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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234 |
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Author |
Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
514-518 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning |
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Abstract |
Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push). |
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University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:16235638 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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221 |
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