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Merchant, H.; Fortes, A.F.; Georgopoulos, A.P. |
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Title |
Short-term memory effects on the representation of two-dimensional space in the rhesus monkey |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
7 |
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3 |
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133-143 |
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Analysis of Variance; Animals; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology |
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Human subjects represent the location of a point in 2D space using two independent dimensions (x-y in Euclidean or radius-angle in polar space), and encode location in memory along these dimensions using two levels of representation: a fine-grain value and a category. Here we determined whether monkeys possessed the ability to represent location with these two levels of coding. A rhesus monkey was trained to reproduce the location of a dot in a circle by pointing, after a delay period, on the location where a dot was presented. Five different delay periods (0.5-5 s) were used. The results showed that the monkey used a polar coordinate system to represent the fine-grain spatial coding, where the radius and angle of the dots were encoded independently. The variability of the spatial response and reaction time increased with longer delays. Furthermore, the animal was able to form a categorical representation of space that was delay-dependent. The responses avoided the circumference and the center of the circle, defining a categorical radial prototype around one third of the total radial length. This radial category was observed only at delay durations of 3-5 s. Finally, the monkey also formed angular categories with prototypes at the obliques of the quadrants of the circle, avoiding the horizontal and vertical axes. However, these prototypes were only observed at the 5-s delay and on dots lying on the circumference. These results indicate that monkeys may possess spatial cognitive abilities similar to humans. |
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Brain Sciences Center (11B), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, MN 55417, Minneapolis, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:14669074 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2548 |
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Author |
Imura, T.; Tomonaga, M. |
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Title |
Perception of depth from shading in infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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4 |
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253-258 |
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Age Factors; Animals; Contrast Sensitivity/*physiology; Depth Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/growth & development/*physiology/*psychology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology |
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We investigated the ability to perceive depth from shading, one of the pictorial depth cues, in three chimpanzee infants aged 4-10 months old, using a preferential reaching task commonly used to study pictorial depth perception in human infants. The chimpanzee infants reached significantly more to three-dimensional toys than to pictures thereof and more to the three-dimensional convex than to the concave. Furthermore, two of the three infants reached significantly more to the photographic convex than to the photographic concave. These infants also looked longer at the photographic convex than the concave. Our results suggest that chimpanzees perceive, at least as early as the latter half of the first year of life, pictorial depth defined by shading information. Photographic convexes contain richer information about pictorial depth (e.g., attached shadow, cast shadow, highlighted area, and global difference in brightness) than simple computer-graphic graded patterns. These cues together might facilitate the infants' perception of depth from shading. |
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Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan |
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PMID:14610661 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2550 |
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Matsuzawa, T. |
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Title |
The Ai project: historical and ecological contexts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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4 |
Pages |
199-211 |
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Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Culture; Discrimination Learning; Ecology; Female; History, 20th Century; Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Research/history |
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This paper aims to review a long-term research project exploring the chimpanzee mind within historical and ecological contexts. The Ai project began in 1978 and was directly inspired by preceding ape-language studies conducted in Western countries. However, in contrast with the latter, it has focused on the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of chimpanzees rather than communicative skills between humans and chimpanzees. In the original setting, a single chimpanzee faced a computer-controlled apparatus and performed various kinds of matching-to-sample discrimination tasks. Questions regarding the chimpanzee mind can be traced back to Wolfgang Koehler's work in the early part of the 20th century. Yet, Japan has its unique natural and cultural background: it is home to an indigenous primate species, the Japanese snow monkey. This fact has contributed to the emergence of two previous projects in the wild led by the late Kinji Imanishi and his students. First, the Koshima monkey project began in 1948 and became famous for its discovery of the cultural propagation of sweet-potato washing behavior. Second, pioneering work in Africa, starting in 1958, aimed to study great apes in their natural habitat. Thanks to the influence of these intellectual ancestors, the present author also undertook the field study of chimpanzees in the wild, focusing on tool manufacture and use. This work has demonstrated the importance of social and ecological perspectives even for the study of the mind. Combining experimental approaches with a field setting, the Ai project continues to explore cognition and behavior in chimpanzees, while its focus has shifted from the study of a single subject toward that of the community as a whole. |
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Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. matsuzaw@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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PMID:14566577 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2552 |
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Sousa, C.; Okamoto, S.; Matsuzawa, T. |
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Title |
Behavioural development in a matching-to-sample task and token use by an infant chimpanzee reared by his mother |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
259-267 |
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Animals; *Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Mothers/*psychology; Pan troglodytes/*growth & development/*psychology; *Transfer (Psychology) |
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We investigated the behavioural and cognitive development of a captive male infant chimpanzee, Ayumu, raised by his mother, Ai. Here we report Ayumu's achievements up to the age of 2 years and 3 months, in the context of complex computer-controlled tasks. From soon after birth, Ayumu had been present during an experiment performed by his mother. The task consisted of two phases, a matching-to-sample task in which she received token rewards, and the insertion of these tokens into a vending machine to obtain food rewards. Ayumu himself received no reward or encouragement from humans for any of the actions he exhibited during the experiment. At the age of 9 months and 3 weeks, Ayumu performed his first matching-to-sample trial. At around 1 year and 3 months, he began to perform them consistently. Also during this period, he frequently stole food rewards from his mother. At 2 years and 3 months, Ayumu succeeded for the first time in inserting a token into the vending machine. Once he had succeeded in using a token, he performed both phases of the task in sequence 20 times consecutively. The infant's behaviour was not shaped by food rewards but by a strong motivation to copy his mother's behaviour. Our observations of Ayumu thus mirror the learning processes shown by wild chimpanzees. |
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Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan. csousa@fcsh.unl.pt |
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PMID:13680400 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2556 |
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Fragaszy, D.; Johnson-Pynn, J.; Hirsh, E.; Brakke, K. |
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Strategic navigation of two-dimensional alley mazes: comparing capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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3 |
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149-160 |
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Animals; Cebus/*physiology; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Computer Peripherals; Female; Male; Maze Learning/*physiology; Neuropsychological Tests; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Species Specificity; User-Computer Interface |
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Planning is an important component of cognition that contributes, for example, to efficient movement through space. In the current study we presented novel two-dimensional alley mazes to four chimpanzees and three capuchin monkeys to identify the nature and efficiency of planning in relation to varying task parameters. All the subjects solved more mazes without error than expected by chance, providing compelling evidence that both species planned their choices in some manner. The probability of making a correct choice on mazes designed to be more demanding and presented later in the testing series was higher than on earlier, simpler mazes (chimpanzees), or unchanged (capuchin monkeys), suggesting microdevelopment of strategic choice. Structural properties of the mazes affected both species' choices. Capuchin monkeys were less likely than chimpanzees to take a correct path that initially led away from the goal but that eventually led to the goal. Chimpanzees were more likely to make an error by passing a correct path than by turning onto a wrong path. Chimpanzees and one capuchin made more errors on choices farther in sequence from the goal. Each species corrected errors before running into the end of an alley in approximately 40% of cases. Together, these findings suggest nascent planning abilities in each species, and the prospect for significant development of strategic planning capabilities on tasks presenting multiple simultaneous or sequential spatial relations. The computerized maze paradigm appears well suited to investigate movement planning and spatial perception in human and nonhuman primates alike. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. doree@arches.uga.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12955584 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2557 |
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Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K.; Adachi, I.; Iwata, K.; Fuyuki, A. |
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A Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) recognizes when people do and do not know the location of food |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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4 |
Pages |
283-291 |
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Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Communication; Concept Formation; *Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Intention; Male; Social Identification; Transfer (Psychology) |
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In a previous study, Kuroshima and colleagues demonstrated that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) learned to discriminate between a “knower” who inspected a box for food, and a “guesser” who did not. The aim of the present study was to specify whether the subjects learned a simple conditional discrimination or a causal relationship that seeing leads to knowing. In experiment 1, we introduced five types of novel containers to two subjects. Each container was of different shape and color. The subjects gradually learned to reach toward the container the knower suggested. In experiment 2, we diversified the behavior of the knower and the guesser. In experiment 3, in order to eliminate the possibility of discrimination based on differences in the magnitude and the complexity of two trainers, we equated their behaviors. One subject adapted to the novel behaviors of the knower and the guesser, successfully discriminating the two trainers. Thus this monkey clearly learned to use the inspecting action of the knower and the non-inspecting action of the guesser as a discriminative cue to recognize the baited container. This result suggests that one capuchin monkey learned to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing. |
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Graduate School of Letters, Department of Psychology, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan. kuroshi@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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PMID:12905080 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2558 |
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Hayashi, M.; Matsuzawa, T. |
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Cognitive development in object manipulation by infant chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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4 |
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225-233 |
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Age Factors; Animals; Child Development/physiology; Child, Preschool; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Growth; Humans; Imitative Behavior/physiology; Infant; Learning/*physiology; Male; Mothers/*psychology; Motor Skills/*physiology; Pan troglodytes/*growth & development/*psychology; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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This study focuses on the development of spontaneous object manipulation in three infant chimpanzees during their first 2 years of life. The three infants were raised by their biological mothers who lived among a group of chimpanzees. A human tester conducted a series of cognitive tests in a triadic situation where mothers collaborated with the researcher during the testing of the infants. Four tasks were presented, taken from normative studies of cognitive development of Japanese infants: inserting objects into corresponding holes in a box, seriating nesting cups, inserting variously shaped objects into corresponding holes in a template, and stacking up wooden blocks. The mothers had already acquired skills to perform these manipulation tasks. The infants were free to observe the mothers' manipulative behavior from immediately after birth. We focused on object-object combinations that were made spontaneously by the infant chimpanzees, without providing food reinforcement for any specific behavior that the infants performed. The three main findings can be summarized as follows. First, there was precocious appearance of object-object combination in infant chimpanzees: the age of onset (8-11 months) was comparable to that in humans (around 10 months old). Second, object-object combinations in chimpanzees remained at a low frequency between 11 and 16 months, then increased dramatically at the age of approximately 1.5 years. At the same time, the accuracy of these object-object combinations also increased. Third, chimpanzee infants showed inserting behavior frequently and from an early age but they did not exhibit stacking behavior during their first 2 years of life, in clear contrast to human data. |
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Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506 Aichi, Japan. misato@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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PMID:12905079 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2559 |
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McGonigle, B.; Chalmers, M.; Dickinson, A. |
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Concurrent disjoint and reciprocal classification by Cebus apella in seriation tasks: evidence for hierarchical organization |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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3 |
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185-197 |
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Animals; Cebus/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Female; Form Perception/*physiology; Male; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception/*physiology |
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We report the results of a 4-year-long study of capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella ) on concurrent three-way classification and linear size seriation tasks using explicit ordering procedures, requiring subjects to select icons displayed on touch screens rather than manipulate and sort actual objects into groups. The results indicate that C. apella is competent to classify nine items concurrently, first into three disjoint classes where class exemplars are identical to one another, then into three reciprocal classes which share common exemplar (size) features. In the final phase we compare the relative efficiency of executive control under conditions where both hierarchical and/or linear organization can be utilized. Whilst this shows a superiority of categorical based size seriation for a nine item test set suggesting an adaptive advantage for hierarchical over linear organization, Cebus nevertheless achieved high levels of principled linear size seriation with sequence lengths not normally achieved by children below the age of six years. |
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Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Appleton Tower, George Square, Edinburgh EH 8 9QJ, UK. ejua48@holyrood.ed.ac.uk |
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PMID:12761655 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2568 |
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Washburn, D.A.; Astur, R.S. |
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Exploration of virtual mazes by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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3 |
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161-168 |
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Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Computer Peripherals; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; Maze Learning/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; User-Computer Interface |
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A chasm divides the huge corpus of maze studies found in the literature, with animals tested in mazes on the one side and humans tested with mazes on the other. Advances in technology and software have made possible the production and use of virtual mazes, which allow humans to navigate computerized environments and thus for humans and nonhuman animals to be tested in comparable spatial domains. In the present experiment, this comparability is extended even further by examining whether rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) can learn to explore virtual mazes. Four male macaques were trained to manipulate a joystick so as to move through a virtual environment and to locate a computer-generated target. The animals succeeded in learning this task, and located the target even when it was located in novel alleys. The search pattern within the maze for these animals resembled the pattern of maze navigation observed for monkeys that were tested on more traditional two-dimensional computerized mazes. |
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Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. dwashburn@gsu.edu |
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PMID:12750961 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2569 |
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Santos, L.R.; Miller, C.T.; Hauser, M.D. |
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Representing tools: how two non-human primate species distinguish between the functionally relevant and irrelevant features of a tool |
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2003 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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4 |
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269-281 |
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Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Form Perception/*physiology; Habituation, Psychophysiologic/*physiology; Imitative Behavior; Macaca mulatta/*growth & development/*psychology; Male; Motor Skills; Practice (Psychology); Saguinus/*growth & development/*psychology; Species Specificity |
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Few studies have examined whether non-human tool-users understand the properties that are relevant for a tool's function. We tested cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on an expectancy violation procedure designed to assess whether these species make distinctions between the functionally relevant and irrelevant features of a tool. Subjects watched an experimenter use a tool to push a grape down a ramp, and then were presented with different displays in which the features of the original tool (shape, color, orientation) were selectively varied. Results indicated that both species looked longer when a newly shaped stick acted on the grape than when a newly colored stick performed the same action, suggesting that both species perceive shape as a more salient transformation than color. In contrast, tamarins, but not rhesus, attended to changes in the tool's orientation. We propose that some non-human primates begin with a predisposition to attend to a tool's shape and, with sufficient experience, develop a more sophisticated understanding of the features that are functionally relevant to tools. |
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Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. laurie.santos@yale.edu |
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Edition |
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|
| |
ISSN |
1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| |
Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:12736800 |
Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2570 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
