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Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
71-85 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
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Abstract |
Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
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Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:11668526 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4115 |
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Author |
Cowley, J.J.; Griesel, R.D. |
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Title |
The effect on growth and behaviour of rehabilitating first and second generation low protein rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1966 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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14 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
506-517 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Female; *Growth; Humans; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Mental Retardation/etiology; Protein Deficiency/*therapy; Rats |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:6008473 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4119 |
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Author |
Fox, N.A. |
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Title |
Temperament and early experience form social behavior |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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Volume |
1038 |
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171-178 |
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Adult; Animals; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/physiopathology; Fear/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Infant; Learning/*physiology; *Personality Development; *Social Behavior; Temperament/*physiology |
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Individual differences in the way persons respond to stimulation can have important consequences for their ability to learn and their choice of vocation. Temperament is the study of such individual differences, being thought of as the behavioral style of an individual. Common to all approaches in the study of temperament are the notions that it can be identified in infancy, is fairly stable across development, and influences adult personality. We have identified a specific temperament type in infancy that involves heightened distress to novel and unfamiliar stimuli. Infants who exhibit this temperament are likely, as they get older, to display behavioral inhibition-wariness and heightened vigilance of the unfamiliar-particularly in social situations. Our work has also described the underlying biology of this temperament and has linked it to neural systems supporting fear responses in animals. Children displaying behavioral inhibition are at-risk for behavioral problems related to anxiety and social withdrawal. |
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Institute for Child Study, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, 3304 Benjamin Building, College Park, MD 20742-1131, USA. nf4@umail.umd.edu |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:15838111 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4131 |
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Author |
Boice, R. |
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Title |
Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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11 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
545-553 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Rats/*genetics |
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Abstract |
The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species. |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:7325955 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4144 |
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Author |
Hirata, S. |
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Title |
A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
85-90 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Self Concept; Self Psychology; Social Behavior; Television |
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Abstract |
The majority of studies on self-recognition in animals have been conducted using a mirror as the test device; little is known, however, about the responses of non-human primates toward their own images in media other than mirrors. This study provides preliminary data on the reactions of 10 chimpanzees to live self-images projected on two television monitors, each connected to a different video camera. Chimpanzees could see live images of their own faces, which were approximately life-sized, on one monitor. On the other monitor, they could see live images of their whole body, which were approximately one-fifth life-size, viewed diagonally from behind. In addition, several objects were introduced into the test situation. Out of 10 chimpanzees tested, 2 individuals performed self-exploratory behaviors while watching their own images on the monitors. One of these two chimpanzees successively picked up two of the provided objects in front of a monitor, and watched the images of these objects on the monitor. The results indicate that these chimpanzees were able to immediately recognize live images of themselves or objects on the monitors, even though several features of these images differed from those of their previous experience with mirrors. |
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Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Okayama, Japan. hirata@gari.be.to |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:17324534 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4145 |
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Author |
Range, F.; Bugnyar, T.; Schlogl, C.; Kotrschal, K. |
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Title |
Individual and sex differences in learning abilities of ravens |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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73 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
100-106 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Crows; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; *Individuality; Male; Sex Factors; Spatial Behavior |
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Abstract |
Behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals within the same species have been found to be stable across time and contexts. In this study, we investigated individual differences in learning abilities and object and social manipulation to test for consistency within individuals across different tasks. Individual ravens (Corvus corax) were tested in simple color and position discrimination tasks to establish their learning abilities. We found that males were significantly better in the acquisition of the first discrimination task and the object manipulation task, but not in any of the other tasks. Furthermore, faster learners engaged less often in manipulations of conspecifics and exploration of objects to get access to food. No relationship between object and social manipulation and reversal training were found. Our results suggest that individual differences in regard to the acquisition of new tasks may be related to personalities or at least object manipulation in ravens. |
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Konrad Lorenz Research Station, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria. friederike.range@univie.ac.at |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:16675158 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4146 |
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Author |
Boughner, R.L.; Papini, M.R. |
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Title |
Appetitive latent inhibition in rats: preexposure performance does not predict conditioned performance |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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72 |
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1 |
Pages |
42-51 |
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Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; *Conditioning, Classical; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Individuality; *Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; *Reaction Time |
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Nonreinforced preexposure to a conditioned stimulus impairs subsequent conditioning with that stimulus. The goal of these studies was to assess the extent to which acquisition performance could be predicted from preexposure performance using a correlational approach. For both preexposure and autoshaping, four measures of performance were computed, including overall average lever pressing, lever pressing in the initial session, percentage change in lever pressing, and slopes. These measures were correlated in a large sample of rats trained in an autoshaping situation. None of the three measures of autoshaping performance was consistently predicted by any of the three measures of preexposure performance. These results are consistent with the view that latent inhibition is not reducible to long-term habituation. |
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Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, TX 76129, United States |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:16406375 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4147 |
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Author |
Salzen, E.A.; Cornell, J.M. |
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Title |
Self-perception and species recognition in birds |
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Journal Article |
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1968 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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30 |
Issue |
1 |
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44-65 |
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Animals; Birds; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Generalization, Response; Imprinting (Psychology); *Perception; *Self Concept; Social Isolation; *Species Specificity; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:5644775 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4154 |
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Author |
Anderson, J.R. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-243 |
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Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
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Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:8521263 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4163 |
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Author |
Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. |
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Title |
Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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4 |
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2 |
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205-224 |
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Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
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In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. |
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Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:8521259 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4164 |
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