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	Author	Flack, J.C.; Girvan, M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C.
	Title	Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	439	Issue	7075	Pages	426-429
	Keywords	Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/physiology/psychology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations. We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism--conflict management--has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals, significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict, we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship, emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour, social learning and cultural traditions.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16437106			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	298
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Amdam, G.V.; Csondes, A.; Fondrk, M.K.; Page, R.E.J.
	Title	Complex social behaviour derived from maternal reproductive traits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	439	Issue	7072	Pages	76-78
	Keywords	Aging/physiology; Animals; Bees/physiology; Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Infertility, Female; Maternal Behavior/physiology; Ovary/physiology; Pollen/metabolism; Reproduction/physiology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	A fundamental goal of sociobiology is to explain how complex social behaviour evolves, especially in social insects, the exemplars of social living. Although still the subject of much controversy, recent theoretical explanations have focused on the evolutionary origins of worker behaviour (assistance from daughters that remain in the nest and help their mother to reproduce) through expression of maternal care behaviour towards siblings. A key prediction of this evolutionary model is that traits involved in maternal care have been co-opted through heterochronous expression of maternal genes to result in sib-care, the hallmark of highly evolved social life in insects. A coupling of maternal behaviour to reproductive status evolved in solitary insects, and was a ready substrate for the evolution of worker-containing societies. Here we show that division of foraging labour among worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) is linked to the reproductive status of facultatively sterile females. We thereby identify the evolutionary origin of a widely expressed social-insect behavioural syndrome, and provide a direct demonstration of how variation in maternal reproductive traits gives rise to complex social behaviour in non-reproductive helpers.
	Address	Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Gro.Amdam@asu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16397498			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	531
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	308	Issue	5959	Pages	541-543
	Keywords	Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6709060			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	704
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Whiten, A.
	Title	The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	437	Issue	7055	Pages	52-55
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Culture; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology/psychology; *Social Behavior; Technology
	Abstract	Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that complements the genetic picture we are now developing.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16136127			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	730
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J.
	Title	Group decision-making in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	421	Issue	6919	Pages	155-158
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans.
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12520299			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5136
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	Author	Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.
	Title	Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	423	Issue	6938	Pages	432-434
	Keywords	Animals; Energy Metabolism; Food; Food Chain; Models, Biological; Motor Activity; Social Behavior; Time Factors
	Abstract	Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12761547			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5138
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	Author	Larose, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.; Rogers, L.J.
	Title	Laterality of horses associated with emotionality in novel situations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	355-367
	Keywords	Affect/physiology; Animals; Brain/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Horses; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment
	Abstract	We have established that lateral biases are characteristic of visual behaviour in 65 horses. Two breeds, Trotters and French Saddlebreds aged 2 to 3, were tested on a novel object test. The main finding was a significant correlation between emotionality index and the eye preferred to view the novel stimulus: the higher the emotionality, the more likely that the horse looked with its left eye. The less emotive French Saddlebreds, however, tended to glance at the object using the right eye, a tendency that was not found in the Trotters, although the emotive index was the same for both breeds. The youngest French Saddlebreds did not show this trend. These results are discussed in relation to the different training practices for the breeds and broader findings on lateralisation in different species.
	Address	Universite de Rennes 1, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1357-650X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16754236			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	1826
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	Author	Klingel, H.
	Title	Social organization and reproduction in equids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	7-11
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Perissodactyla/physiology; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
	Abstract	There are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. In the horse, Plains zebra and Mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. The family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. In Grevy's zebra and in the African and Asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. Ecological and evolutionary aspects are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1060868			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2303
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	Author	Klingel, H.
	Title	Social organization of feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	J Reprod Fertil Suppl
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	89-95
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Territoriality
	Abstract	The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0449-3087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6962906			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1958
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Socially learned preferences for differentially rewarded tokens in the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	118	Issue	2	Pages	133-139
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cebus; Choice Behavior; Female; Learning; Male; Reward; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Social learning is assumed to underlie traditions, yet evidence indicating social learning in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), which exhibit traditions, is sparse. The authors tested capuchins for their ability to learn the value of novel tokens using a previously familiar token-exchange economy. Capuchins change their preferences in favor of a token worth a high-value food reward after watching a conspecific model exchange 2 differentially rewarded tokens, yet they fail to develop a similar preference after watching tokens paired with foods in the absence of a conspecific model. They also fail to learn that the value of familiar tokens has changed. Information about token value is available in all situations, but capuchins seem to pay more attention in a social situation involving novel tokens.
	Address	Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15250800			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	173
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