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	Author	Hedberg, Y.; Dalin, A.-M.; Ohagen, P.; Holm, K.R.; Kindahl, H.
	Title	Effect of oestrous-cycle stage on the response of mares in a novel object test and isolation test			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene	Abbreviated Journal	Reprod Domest Anim
	Volume	40	Issue	5	Pages	480-488
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cross-Over Studies; Diestrus/physiology; Estrus/physiology; Female; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Questionnaires
	Abstract	In various species, sex, hormonal treatments and oestrous-cycle stage have been shown to affect the animal's response in behavioural tests. Few such studies have been performed in the horse. The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether oestrous-cycle stage affects mares' response to a novel object test and isolation test and, in part, to study whether mares, assumed to suffer from oestrous-related behavioural problems, respond differently in these tests when compared with controls. Twelve mares were tested twice, in oestrus and dioestrus, in a crossover design. Seven behavioural and two heart rate variables were measured for the novel object test and two heart rate variables for the isolation test. Oestrous-cycle stage and whether a mare was classified as a 'problem' mare did not affect the mare's response. However, test order, i.e. the cycle stage a mare was tested in first, affected its reaction. This effect could partly be explained by significant differences between test occasions 1 and 2 in three behavioural variables and one heart rate variable (p < 0.05) in the novel object test. The mares explored the novel object more and had a higher mean heart rate in the first test. Exploring the novel object more could largely be attributed to those mares tested in dioestrus first, perhaps indicating that the mares in oestrus were less receptive to the novel object. The reason for the differences between test occasions could be an effect of learning or habituation.
	Address	Division of Comparative Reproduction, Obstetrics and Udder Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ylva.hedberg@kv.slu.se
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0936-6768	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16149956			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5170
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	Author	Heyes, C.M.; Dawson, G.R.
	Title	A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Q J Exp Psychol B
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	59-71
	Keywords	appetite; attention; imitation; problem solving; psychomotor performance; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Imitative Behavior; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance
	Abstract	Hungry rats observed a conspecific demonstrator pushing a single manipulandum, a joystick, to the right or to the left for food reward and were then allowed access to the joystick from a different orientation. The effects of right-pushing vs left-pushing observation experience on (1) response acquisition, (2) reversal of a left-right discrimination, and (3) responding in extinction, were examined. Rats that had observed left-pushing made more left responses during acquisition than rats that had observed right-pushing, and rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the direction that had previously been reinforced took longer to reach criterion reversal and made more responses in extinction than rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the opposite direction to that previously reinforced. These results provide evidence that rats are capable of learning a response, or a response-reinforcer contingency, through conspecific observation.
	Address	University of Cambridge, U.K.
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	02724995 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 49; Export Date: 17 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Heyes, C.M.			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1766
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	Author	Lynch, J.J.; Fregin, G.F.; Mackie, J.B.; Monroe, R.R.J.
	Title	Heart rate changes in the horse to human contact			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Psychophysiology	Abbreviated Journal	Psychophysiology
	Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	472-478
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Heart Rate; Horses/physiology; Humans; Social Behavior; Touch
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-5772	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4852234			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1965
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	Author	Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	514-518
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Columbidae; Imitative Behavior; *Learning
	Abstract	Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push).
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16235638			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	221
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	Author	DiGian, K.A.; Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Discriminative stimuli that follow a delay have added value for pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	11	Issue	5	Pages	889-895
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; Cues; Discrimination (Psychology)
	Abstract	Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) reported that pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli that require greater effort (more pecks) to obtain over those that require less effort. In the present experiment, we examined two variables associated with this phenomenon. First, we asked whether delay of reinforcement, presumably a relatively aversive event similar to effort, would produce similar effects. Second, we asked whether the stimulus preference produced by a prior relatively aversive event depends on its anticipation. Anticipation of delay was accomplished by signaling its occurrence. Results indicated that delays can produce preferences similar to those produced by increased effort, but only if the delays are signaled.
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15732699			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	226
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	Author	Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Choice based on exclusion in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	959-964
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	When humans acquire a conditional discrimination and are given a novel-sample-comparison choice, they often reject a comparison known to be associated with a different sample and choose the alternative comparison by default (or by exclusion). In Experiment 1, we found that if, following matching training, we replaced both of the samples, acquisition took five times longer than if we replaced only one of the samples. Apparently, the opportunity to reject one of the comparisons facilitated the association of the other sample with the remaining comparison. In Experiment 2, we first trained pigeons to treat two samples differently (to associate Sample A with Comparison 1 and Sample B with Comparison 2) and then trained them to associate one of those samples with a new comparison (e.g., Sample A with Comparison 3) and to associate a novel sample (Sample C) with a different, new comparison (Comparison 4). When Sample B then replaced Sample C, the pigeons showed a significant tendency to choose Comparison 4 over Comparison 3. Thus, when given the opportunity, pigeons will choose by exclusion.
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15000545			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	233
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.
	Title	Symmetry training in pigeons can produce functional equivalences			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	387-391
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Teaching/methods; *Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Functional stimulus equivalence has been demonstrated using a transfer of training design with matching-to-sample training in which two sample stimuli are associated with the same comparison stimulus (A-B, C-B; many-to-one matching). Equivalence is shown by training a new association (A-D) and demonstrating the presence of an emergent relation (C-D). In the present experiment, we show that symmetry training, in which a bidirectional association is trained between two stimuli (A-B, B-A, using successive stimulus presentations followed by reinforcement), can also produce functional equivalence using a transfer of training design (i.e., train B-C, test A-C). The results suggest that training pigeons in the substitutability of two stimuli may be sufficient to produce functional stimulus equivalence between them. The results also have implications for the development of an emergent transitive relation, because training on A-B and B-C relations results in the emergence of an untrained A-C relation, if B-A training also is provided.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12921414			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	235
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S.; Bhatt, R.S.; Allen, J.
	Title	Episodic-like memory in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	685-690
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Teaching
	Abstract	It has been proposed that memory for personal experiences (episodic memory, rather than semantic memory) relies on the conscious review of past experience and thus is unique to humans. In an attempt to demonstrate episodic-like memory in animals, we first trained pigeons to respond to the (nonverbal) question “Did you just peck or did you just refrain from pecking?” by training them on a symbolic matching task with differential responding required to the two line-orientation samples and reinforcing the choice of a red comparison if they had pecked and the choice of a green comparison if they had not pecked. Then, in Experiment 1, after providing the conditions for (but not requiring) the pigeons to peck at one new stimulus (a yellow hue) but not at another (a blue hue), we tested them with the new hue stimuli and the red and green comparisons. In Experiment 2, we tested the pigeons with novel stimuli (a circle, which they spontaneously pecked, and a dark response key, which they did not peck) and the red and green comparisons. In both experiments, pigeons chose the comparison appropriate to the response made to the test stimulus. Thus, the pigeons demonstrated that they could remember specific details about their past experiences, a result consistent with the notion that they have the capacity for forming episodic-like memories.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11848586			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	243
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	Author	Clement, T.S.; Feltus, J.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	“Work ethic” in pigeons: reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	100-106
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Time Factors
	Abstract	Stimuli associated with less effort or with shorter delays to reinforcement are generally preferred over those associated with greater effort or longer delays to reinforcement. However, the opposite appears to be true of stimuli that follow greater effort or longer delays. In training, a simple simultaneous discrimination followed a single peck to an initial stimulus (S+FR1 S-FR1) and a different simple simultaneous discrimination followed 20 pecks to the initial stimulus (S+FR20 S-FR20). On test trials, pigeons preferred S+FR20 over S+FR1 and S-FR20 over S-FR1. These data support the view that the state of the animal immediately prior to presentation of the discrimination affects the value of the reinforcement that follows it. This contrast effect is analogous to effects that when they occur in humans have been attributed to more complex cognitive and social factors.
	Address	University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10780022			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	248
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	Author	Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J.
	Title	Uncertainty in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	10	Issue	3	Pages	738-745
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions.
	Address	University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14620372			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	366
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