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	Author	Kaseda, Y.; Khalil, A.M.
	Title	Harem size and reproductive success of stallions in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	47	Issue	3-4	Pages	163-173
	Keywords	Harem size; Horse social organization; Reproduction; Blood types; Misaki feral horse
	Abstract	Over a 16-year period (1979-1994), long-term investigations were carried out on 14 Misaki feral stallions to analyze changes in harem size and the reproductive success. Harem size changed with the age of the stallions. Most stallions formed harem groups with four to five mares at the age of 4-6 and then the number of mares increased rapidly to the maximum at the age of 6-9 years. Thereafter, harem size decreased gradually to a minimum with advancing age. The harem size of 60 stable harem groups ranged from 1 to 9, and the average varied from a minimum mean of 1.8 in 1988 to a maximum mean of 5.3 in 1982. Mean harem size increased as adult sex ratio increased and a significant and positive correlation was found between them. One hundred and ninety-eight sire-foal pairs were determined by a paternity test with blood types and consort relations between stallions and mares during the study period. Out of 99 foals which were born in the stable harem groups, the true sires of 84 foals (85%) were the harem stallions in which the foals were born but the remaining 15 foals (15%) were sired by other harem stallions. Two out of three stallions which were studied throughout their lifetime produced 24 and 25 foals in 10 and 11 years of their reproductive lifespan, respectively. Another one produced only five foals in 6 years. The number of foals sired by the harem stallions was less than two over harem size 7 and some of the foals born in the harem were sired by other harem stallions. These results suggest that if a particular stallion monopolizes too many mares, he could not sire so many offspring because he could not always prevent his rival stallions from mating with his mares in wild or feral circumstances.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2308
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	Author	King, S.R.B
	Title	The social behaviour of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses under free-ranging conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Queen Mary and Westfield College	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Queen Mary and Westfield College, UK	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2319
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	Author	Monard, A.-M.; Duncan, P.
	Title	Consequences of natal dispersal in female horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	52	Issue	3	Pages	565-579
	Keywords
	Abstract	Social, genetic and reproductive consequences of natal dispersal were investigated in female horses,Equus caballus, living in a herd with a natural social structure. Dispersal did not as a rule reduce the level of competition the young mares faced: they did not selectively join groups with fewer resident females than the groups they left, and they did not attain higher ranks; there was also no tendency for females to disperse to groups with the fewest resident females, and they suffered more aggression from the mares in their new groups than in their natal groups. These results therefore do not support the hypothesis that a function of natal dispersal is to reduce intra-sexual competition. The young mares nevertheless dispersed non-randomly, generally joining harems with one stallion and at least two subadult females; and they preferred to move to groups with familiar females but no familiar males. As a result, most were closely related to some females of their new groups, but distantly related or unrelated to the male(s). Since after dispersal the young mares bred only with a male of their new groups, inbreeding coefficients of most (85%) of their offspring were lower than from matings between half siblings. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a function of natal dispersal is to avoid close inbreeding. Dispersal did not appear to involve reproductive costs: the young mares suffered no delay in age at first reproduction, and the survival rates of their first foals tended to be higher if the females had emigrated, although not significantly so.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2386
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	Author	Monard, A.M.; Duncan,P.; Boy, V.
	Title	The proximate mechanisms of natal dispersal in female horses.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	133	Issue		Pages	1095-1124
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2387
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	Author	Chenoweth, P.J.; Chase, C.C.; Larsen, R.E.; Thatcher, M.-J.D.; Bivens, J.F.; Wilcox, C.J.
	Title	The assessment of sexual performance in young Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef bulls			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	48	Issue	3-4	Pages	225-235
	Keywords	Bos indicus; Sex behavior; Cattle reproduction; Mating behavior; Tests
	Abstract	Yearling beef bulls, representing different Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds, were given two sexual performance assessments (libido score, number of services, time to first mount and time of sexual inactivity) at four test periods (January, April, July and October) in 1991 (Trial 1) and 1992 (Trial 2) at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida. Breed and test period, as well as their interactions, influenced most results. Sexual performance assessments generally improved with age in Bos taurus breeds, but not in Bos indicus. The temperate Bos taurus breeds (Angus and Hereford) were most sexually active, the tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds (Senepol and Romosinuano) intermediate and the two Bos indicus breeds (Brahman and Nellore x Brahman) were least active. Service rates were generally low. Seasonal patterns in sexual performance were not apparent, with breed and year differences occurring. Although breeds showed consistent test results, the failure of Bos indicus bulls to service in any test, indicates either sexual immaturity, or inadequate procedures for assessment of sexual performance in this breed group.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2865
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	Author	Phillips, K.
	Title	Natural conceptual behavior in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus): An experimental investigation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	37	Issue	3	Pages	327-332
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Natural conceptual discriminations have been tested in many different species, including pigeons and a variety of non-human primates. The ability of four male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to learn and use the natural concept “squirrel monkey” was investigated in this study. After a training phase, subjects were presented with novel stimuli in transfer and test trials. All subjects performed at a rate significantly above chance on the first test trial (p<.001), indicating that squirrel monkeys can utilize natural concepts in the laboratory.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3114
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	Author	Sommer, H.; Barz, A.; Lindner, A.
	Title	Testing horses for character and temperament			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Tierarztliche Umschau	Abbreviated Journal	Tierärztl. Umschau
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3567
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	Author	Dixon, J.C.
	Title	Pattern discrimination, learning-set and memory in a pony			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proceedings of the Paper Presented at the Midwestern ..?	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3599
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	Author	Poling, A.; Temple, W.; Foster, T.M.
	Title	The differential outcomes effect: A demonstration in domestic chickens responding under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	36	Issue	2	Pages	109-115
	Keywords	Domestic hen; Titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure; Differential outcomes effect; Conditional discrimination; Animal welfare
	Abstract	The differential outcomes effect refers to the increase in speed of acquisition or terminal accuracy that occurs in discrimination training when each of two or more discriminative stimuli is correlated with a different outcome (e.g. type of reinforcer). The present study demonstrated this effect in domestic hens exposed to a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure, under which correct responses increased (and incorrect responses decreased) the delay between the offset of a sample stimulus and the onset of two comparison stimuli. Colors of key illumination (red, green) were used as sample and comparison stimuli and correct responses resulted in 1- or 4-s food deliveries. When 1-s food deliveries consistently followed correct responses to one key color and 4-s food deliveries followed correct responses to the other key color, the maximum delay reached by the hens and their overall accuracy was significantly higher than when 1- and 4-s food deliveries were randomly arranged following correct responses to both key colors. These data constitute the first demonstration of the differential outcomes effect in chickens, and in any species evaluated under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3604
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	Author	Mal, M.E.; McCall ,C.A.
	Title	The influence of handling during different ages on a halter training test in foals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	115-120
	Keywords
	Abstract	Ten foals were used to determine effects of handling during different ages on their ability to perform a halter training test. Early-handled (EH) foals (n = 5) were handled in 10 min sessions 5 d weekly from 24 h after birth until 42 d of age, then were not handled from 43 to 84 d of age. Later-handled (LH) foals (n = 5) were not handled from birth to 42 d of age, then were handled in 10-min sessions 5 d weekly from 43 to 84 d of age. At 85 d of age, each foal was subjected to a 10 min halter training test for 5 consecutive d. The test consisted of an unfamiliar handler placing a halter on each foal and attempting to make the foal walk forward for 20 m. Data recorded during each d of the halter training were duration of initial struggle, number of lunges into the air, time to first forward step, time to five consecutive forward steps, and time to travel 20 m. At the end of the 5 d halter training test, the handler assigned a subjective test rating score to each foal based on ease of training. Split-plot analysis indicated that EH foals took less time (P < 0.05) to take one step forward, five consecutive steps forward, and to travel 20 m than LH foals. One-way ANOVA indicated that EH foals had a lower (more desirable) test ratings than LH foals (P < 0.01). Results indicate that handling throughout the first 42 d of life increased foal performance on this halter training task compared to handling from 43 to 84 d of age. These results may imply the existence of a critical handling period during the first 42 d of age or a phenomenon similar to learned helplessness
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ http://www.ag.auburn.edu/ansc/ResPrograms/influ_age.html			Serial	3665
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