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Author |
Grandin, T. |
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Title |
Safe handling of large animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Occup Med |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
195-212 |
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Keywords |
Accidents, Occupational/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; *Occupational Health; Risk Factors; *Ruminants/physiology/psychology |
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Abstract |
The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm. |
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Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0885-114X |
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Notes |
PMID:10329901 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3793 |
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Author |
Stahl, F.; Dorner, G. |
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Title |
Responses of salivary cortisol levels to stress-situations |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Endokrinologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Endokrinologie |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
158-162 |
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Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/diagnostic use; Anxiety Disorders/metabolism; Circadian Rhythm; Cushing Syndrome/metabolism; Fear/physiology; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone/*metabolism; Male; Pain/metabolism; Pregnancy; Saliva/*metabolism; Stress/*metabolism |
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Abstract |
A procedure is described for determining salivary cortisol levels by a competitive protein-binding assay using horse transcortin. The collection of saliva was performed by means of filter paper-strips. Filter paper samples are more than 5 days stable after air-drying. In this form, the samples could be stored without refrigerator or deep-freezer and, if necessary, sent by post to the laboratory without any special precaution. Stressful situation of either painful or anxious origin were associated with an adequate increase of salivary cortisol levels. The increases were 157 to 230% of the initial or normal values dependent on the kind of stress. The mean values in 4 cases of Cushing's syndrome were 380% and 1 hour after 25 I.U. ACTH 690% higher than those in normal persons. In normal persons, a well-defined circadian rhythm has been observed. |
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English |
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0013-7251 |
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PMID:6297880 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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4056 |
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Author |
Fox, N.A. |
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Title |
Temperament and early experience form social behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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Volume |
1038 |
Issue |
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Pages |
171-178 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/physiopathology; Fear/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Infant; Learning/*physiology; *Personality Development; *Social Behavior; Temperament/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Individual differences in the way persons respond to stimulation can have important consequences for their ability to learn and their choice of vocation. Temperament is the study of such individual differences, being thought of as the behavioral style of an individual. Common to all approaches in the study of temperament are the notions that it can be identified in infancy, is fairly stable across development, and influences adult personality. We have identified a specific temperament type in infancy that involves heightened distress to novel and unfamiliar stimuli. Infants who exhibit this temperament are likely, as they get older, to display behavioral inhibition-wariness and heightened vigilance of the unfamiliar-particularly in social situations. Our work has also described the underlying biology of this temperament and has linked it to neural systems supporting fear responses in animals. Children displaying behavioral inhibition are at-risk for behavioral problems related to anxiety and social withdrawal. |
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Institute for Child Study, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, 3304 Benjamin Building, College Park, MD 20742-1131, USA. nf4@umail.umd.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0077-8923 |
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Notes |
PMID:15838111 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4131 |
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Author |
Panksepp, J. |
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Title |
Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
30-80 |
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Keywords |
Affect/*physiology; Animals; Bonding, Human-Pet; Brain/*physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Fear; Humans; Limbic System/physiology; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Unconscious (Psychology) |
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The position advanced in this paper is that the bedrock of emotional feelings is contained within the evolved emotional action apparatus of mammalian brains. This dual-aspect monism approach to brain-mind functions, which asserts that emotional feelings may reflect the neurodynamics of brain systems that generate instinctual emotional behaviors, saves us from various conceptual conundrums. In coarse form, primary process affective consciousness seems to be fundamentally an unconditional “gift of nature” rather than an acquired skill, even though those systems facilitate skill acquisition via various felt reinforcements. Affective consciousness, being a comparatively intrinsic function of the brain, shared homologously by all mammalian species, should be the easiest variant of consciousness to study in animals. This is not to deny that some secondary processes (e.g., awareness of feelings in the generation of behavioral choices) cannot be evaluated in animals with sufficiently clever behavioral learning procedures, as with place-preference procedures and the analysis of changes in learned behaviors after one has induced re-valuation of incentives. Rather, the claim is that a direct neuroscientific study of primary process emotional/affective states is best achieved through the study of the intrinsic (“instinctual”), albeit experientially refined, emotional action tendencies of other animals. In this view, core emotional feelings may reflect the neurodynamic attractor landscapes of a variety of extended trans-diencephalic, limbic emotional action systems-including SEEKING, FEAR, RAGE, LUST, CARE, PANIC, and PLAY. Through a study of these brain systems, the neural infrastructure of human and animal affective consciousness may be revealed. Emotional feelings are instantiated in large-scale neurodynamics that can be most effectively monitored via the ethological analysis of emotional action tendencies and the accompanying brain neurochemical/electrical changes. The intrinsic coherence of such emotional responses is demonstrated by the fact that they can be provoked by electrical and chemical stimulation of specific brain zones-effects that are affectively laden. For substantive progress in this emerging research arena, animal brain researchers need to discuss affective brain functions more openly. Secondary awareness processes, because of their more conditional, contextually situated nature, are more difficult to understand in any neuroscientific detail. In other words, the information-processing brain functions, critical for cognitive consciousness, are harder to study in other animals than the more homologous emotional/motivational affective state functions of the brain. |
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Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA. jpankse@bgnet.bgsu.ed |
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1053-8100 |
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Notes |
PMID:15766890 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4159 |
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Author |
Nelson, E.E.; Shelton, S.E.; Kalin, N.H. |
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Title |
Individual differences in the responses of naive rhesus monkeys to snakes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Emotion |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-11 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Arousal; Attention; Escape Reaction; *Fear; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Individuality; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Phobic Disorders/psychology; *Snakes |
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Abstract |
The authors demonstrated individual differences in inhibited behavior and withdrawal responses of laboratory-born rhesus monkeys when initially exposed to a snake. Most monkeys displayed a small significant increase in their behavioral inhibition in the presence of a snake. A few monkeys had marked responses, and some actively withdrew. Although the responses of the most extreme laboratory-born monkeys were comparable to feral-born monkeys, the responses of the laboratory-born monkeys rapidly habituated. The individual differences in the responses of naive monkeys likely reflect a continuum from orienting to wariness to fear. A neurobiological model is presented that addresses potential mechanisms underlying these individual differences, their relation to fear, and how they may predispose to phobia development. |
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Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719-1176, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1528-3542 |
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Notes |
PMID:12899313 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4174 |
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Author |
Menzel, E.W.J. |
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Title |
Communication about the environment in a group of young chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
220-232 |
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Keywords |
*Animal Communication; Animals; Environment; Fear; Leadership; *Pan troglodytes; Problem Solving; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vocalization, Animal |
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ISSN |
0015-5713 |
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PMID:5120654 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4184 |
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Author |
Valenchon, M.; Lévy, F.; Górecka-Bruzda, A.; Calandreau, L.; Lansade, L. |
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Title |
Characterization of long-term memory, resistance to extinction, and influence of temperament during two instrumental tasks in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1001-1006 |
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Keywords |
Personality; Learning; Individuality; Fearfulness; Equid; Cognitive flexibility |
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Abstract |
The present study investigated the influence of temperament on long-term recall and extinction of 2 instrumental tasks in 26 horses. In the first task (backward task), horses learned to walk backward, using commands given by an experimenter, in order to obtain a food reward. In the second task (active avoidance task), horses had to cross an obstacle after a bell rang in order to avoid emission of an air puff. Twenty-two months after acquisition, horses exhibited perfect recall performance in both tasks. Accordingly, no influence of temperament on recall performance could be observed for either task. In contrast, in the absence of positive or negative outcomes, the horses’ ability to extinguish their response to either task was highly variable. Resistance to extinction was related to some indicators of temperament: The most fearful horses tended to be the most resistant to extinction in the backward task, while the least sensitive horses tended to be the most resistant to extinction in the active avoidance task. These findings reveal extensive long-term memory abilities in horses and suggest an influence of temperament on learning processes other than acquisition. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5735 |
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