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Wolff, A.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Behaviour of foals before weaning may have some genetic basis |
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1994 |
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Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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96 |
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1 |
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1-10 |
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Locomotion; Suckling; Social behavior; Foraging behavior; Exploratory behavior; Interindividual comparison; Young animal; Genetic inheritance; Captivity; Social interaction; Feeding behavior; Perissodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata |
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In this preliminary study on foal behaviour, 13 French saddlebred foals (2-3 mo old) and their dams were observed on pasture. The most important findings are the interindividual quantitative differences in foal behaviour patterns as well as in the amount of mainly foal-initiated time spent at given distances from their mares. Interindividual differences seem in part due to a sire effect |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5022 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Luttrell, L.M. |
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Title |
Mechanisms of social reciprocity in three primate species: Symmetrical relationship characteristics or cognition? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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Ethology and Sociobiology |
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9 |
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2–4 |
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101-118 |
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Reciprocity; Agonistic intervention; Cognition; Chimpanzees; Macaques |
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Agonistic intervention behavior was observed in captive groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Reciprocity correlations of interventions were determined while removing from the data the effects of several symmetrical relationship characteristics, that is, matrillineal kinship, proximity relations, and same-sex combination. It was considered likely that if significant reciprocity persisted after controlling for these characteristics, the reciprocity was based on cognitive mechanisms. Statistical significance was tested by means of recently developed matrix permutation procedures. All three species exhibited significant reciprocity with regard to beneficial interventions, even after controlling for symmetrical traits. Harmful interventions were, however, reciprocal among chimpanzees only. This species showed a “revenge system”, that is, if A often intervened against B, B did the same to A. In contrast, both macaque species showed significantly inversed reciprocity in their harmful interventions: if A often intervened against B, B rarely intervened against A. Further analysis indicates that the strict hierarchy of macaques prevents them from achieving complete reciprocity. Compared to chimpanzees, macaques rarely intervene against higher ranking group members. The observed contrast can be partially explained on the basis of differences in available space, as indicated by a comparison of indoor and outdoor living conditions for the chimpanzee colony. Yet, even when such spatial factors are taken into account, substantial behavior differences between chimpanzees and macaques remain. |
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0162-3095 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5809 |
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Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
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Title |
Why does culture increase human adaptability? |
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1995 |
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Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol. a. Sociob. |
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16 |
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2 |
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125-143 |
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Social learning; Adaptation; Culture; Sociobiology |
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It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4196 |
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Author |
Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. |
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Title |
Affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares: influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state |
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2010 |
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Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
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28 |
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1 |
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133-140 |
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Sorraia horse – Affiliative relationship – Dominance – Kinship – Reproductive state |
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Abstract Affiliative relationships among mares were examined in a managed group of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, over a 3-year period. We assessed the influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state on the strength of affiliative relationships and diversity of partners. The herd comprised 9–11 mares that had known each other since birth, their foals and a stallion that remained in the group exclusively during the breeding season. In contrast to a previous study, kinship did not significantly affect bonds. Mares tended to spend more time in proximity to those in the same reproductive state. Affiliative relationships among mares were relatively stable but their strength decreased after foaling, possibly as a function of foal protection and bonding between dam and foal. There was no consistent evidence that mares disengaged from affiliative relationships with increasing age. As expected, dominant mares and barren mares contributed the most to affiliative relationships. Dominance rank increased with age, but dominance relationships were stable and did not change after foaling. Overall, reproductive state was the factor that had the most consistent influence on affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5100 |
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