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	Author	Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Miller, N.Y.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	What-where-when memory in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	345-358
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Memory/physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Space Perception/physiology; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Teaching; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	The authors report a novel approach to testing episodic-like memory for single events. Pigeons were trained in separate sessions to match the identity of a sample on a touch screen, to match its location, and to report on the length of the retention interval. When these 3 tasks were mixed randomly within sessions, birds were more than 80% correct on each task. However, performance on 2 different tests in succession after each sample was not consistent with an integrated memory for sample location, time, and identity. Experiment 2 tested binding of location and identity memories in 2 different ways. The results were again consistent with independent feature memories. Implications for tests of episodic-like memory are discussed.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17044738			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	357
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	Author	Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1966	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	305-315
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5961499			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	392
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	Author	Cook, M.; Mineka, S.; Wolkenstein, B.; Laitsch, K.
	Title	Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Journal of abnormal psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Abnorm Psychol
	Volume	94	Issue	4	Pages	591-610
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Classical; Fear; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Snakes
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-843X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4078162			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	707
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	Author	Poncet, P.A.; Ionita, J.C.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A.
	Title	[The influence of the socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses on the conditions of husbandry]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	148	Issue	4	Pages	183-189
	Keywords	Altitude; Animal Husbandry/methods/standards; Animals; Breeding/economics/standards; Demography; Female; Horses/physiology; Housing, Animal/standards; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods/*physiology; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Switzerland
	Abstract	The socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM. The quality of the husbandry of FM varies according to factors such as the altitude and the geographical situation of the farms and studs. Socio-economic parameters, such as the role of FM in the business, their use (breeding, driving, riding) and the age and level of professional education of the owners may also have an effect on standards of husbandry. The results show that the owners for whom FM represent a source of income more frequently keep their horses in standing stalls, but give them more time to exercise at liberty than the horses belonging to amateur breeders. Younger and better educated breeders are more likely to house their animals in groups.
	Address	Haras national suisse, Avenches
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	L'influence de la structure socio-economique des exploitations d'elevage de chevaux de race franches-montagnes sur les conditions de detention
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16703759			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1873
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	Author	Shanahan, S.
	Title	Trailer loading stress in horses: behavioral and physiological effects of nonaversive training (TTEAM)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Anim Welf Sci
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	263-274
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Escape Reaction; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/psychology; Hydrocortisone/metabolism; Male; Saliva/metabolism; Stress/metabolism/prevention & control/veterinary; *Transportation
	Abstract	Resistance in the horse to trailer loading is a common source of stress and injury to horses and their handlers. The objective of this study was to determine whether nonaversive training based on the Tellington-Touch Equine Awareness Method (TTEAM; Tellington-Jones &Bruns, 1988) would decrease loading time and reduce stress during loading for horses with a history of reluctance to load. Ten horses described by their owners as “problem loaders” were subjected to pretraining and posttraining assessments of loading. Each assessment involved two 7-min loading attempts during which heart rate and saliva cortisol were measured. The training consisted of six 30-min sessions over a 2-week period during which the horse and owner participated in basic leading exercises with obstacles simulating aspects of trailering. Assessment showed heart rate and saliva cortisol increased significantly during loading as compared to baseline (p <.001 and p <.05, respectively). Reassessment after training showed a decrease in loading time (p <.02), reduced heart rate during loading (p <.002), and reduced saliva cortisol as compared to pretraining assessments. Seven “good loaders” also were subject to loading assessment for physiological comparison. Increases in heart rate during loading were significantly higher in the good loaders (p <.001). Nonaversive training simulating aspects of loading may effectively reduce loading time and stress during loading for horses with a history of resistance to trailer loading.
	Address	shanahandvm@yahoo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1088-8705	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14965781			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1903
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	Author	Ferguson, D.L.; Rosales-Ruiz, J.
	Title	Loading the problem loader: the effects of target training and shaping on trailer-loading behavior of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Behav Anal
	Volume	34	Issue	4	Pages	409-423
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Escape Reaction; Female; Horses/psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Transportation
	Abstract	The purpose of this study was to develop an effective method for trailer loading horses based on principles of positive reinforcement. Target training and shaping were used to teach trailer-loading behavior to 5 quarter horse mares in a natural setting. All 5 had been trailer loaded before through the use of aversive stimulation. Successive approximations to loading and inappropriate behaviors were the dependent variables. After training a horse to approach a target, the target was moved to various locations inside the trailer. Horses started training on the left side of a two-horse trailer. After a horse was loading on the left side, she was moved to the right side, then to loading half on the right and half on the left. A limited-hold procedure and the presence of a companion horse seemed to facilitate training for 1 horse. Inappropriate behaviors fell to zero immediately after target training, and all the horses successfully completed the shaping sequence. Finally, these effects were observed to generalize to novel conditions (a different trainer and a different trailer).
	Address	University of North Texas, Denton 76203, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8855	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11800182			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1915
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	Author	Topál, J.; Byrne, R.W.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V.
	Title	Reproducing human actions and action sequences: “Do as I Do!” in a dog			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	355-367
	Keywords	Animals; Comprehension; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; *Serial Learning
	Abstract	We present evidence that a dog (Philip, a 4-year-old tervueren) was able to use different human actions as samples against which to match his own behaviour. First, Philip was trained to repeat nine human-demonstrated actions on command ('Do it!'). When his performance was markedly over chance in response to demonstration by one person, testing with untrained action sequences and other demonstrators showed some ability to generalise his understanding of copying. In a second study, we presented Philip with a sequence of human actions, again using the 'Do as I do' paradigm. All demonstrated actions had basically the same structure: the owner picked up a bottle from one of six places; transferred it to one of the five other places and then commanded the dog ('Do it!'). We found that Philip duplicated the entire sequence of moving a specific object from one particular place to another more often than expected by chance. Although results point to significant limitations in his imitative abilities, it seems that the dog could have recognized the action sequence, on the basis of observation alone, in terms of the initial state, the means, and the goal. This suggests that dogs might acquire abilities by observation that enhance their success in complex socio-behavioural situations.
	Address	Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Pazmany, P. 1/c H-1117, Hungary. kea@t-online.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17024511			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2434
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	Author	Van Schaik, C.
	Title	Why are some animals so smart?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	294	Issue	4	Pages	64-71
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Culture; Environment; Equipment and Supplies; Evolution; Indonesia; Intelligence; Learning; Pongo pygmaeus/*physiology; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address	Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16596881			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2830
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	Author	McKinley, S.; Young, R.J.
	Title	The efficacy of the model-rival method when compared with operant conditioning for training domestic dogs to perform a retrieval-selection task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	81	Issue	4	Pages	357-365
	Keywords	Dogs; Learning; Operant conditioning; Model-rival; Cognition
	Abstract	Traditionally, dogs have been trained by operant conditioning techniques; that is, dogs make a desired behavioural response and this response is reinforced by a reward such as food. This type of training is very effective in training dogs to perform basic obedience behaviours (e.g. `stay'). However, dogs are social animals and should be predisposed to learn from social stimuli. In the present study, we used a modified version of the model-rival technique that has been extensively used in experiments investigating the cognitive ability of parrots. In this technique, social stimuli are used to create in the animal an interest in the object without the use of food or other rewards. Therefore, the animal learns the name of the object (intrinsic reward) and not that the object's name means food. In this experiment we compared the learning ability of nine pet dogs to solve the same retrieval-selection task having been previously trained using operant conditioning or model-rival techniques. The retrieval-selection task was the dogs had to correctly select the commanded object to bring to the experimenter from a group of three similar objects. The results show no difference in the speeds with which the dogs solved the test--demonstrating the efficacy of the model-rival method. This is the first time that the effectiveness of the model-rival technique has been experimentally demonstrated with dogs. Furthermore, we believe that the methodology reported in this paper has applications in dog training and in experiments into dog cognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2900
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	Author	McCall, C.A.; Salters, M.A.; Simpson, S.M.
	Title	Relationship between number of conditioning trials per training session and avoidance learning in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	36	Issue	4	Pages	291-299
	Keywords	Horse; Learning; Avoidance conditioning
	Abstract	Sixteen horses were used to determine if number of trials given per training session (5, 10, 15 or 20) affected learning performance in an avoidance conditioning task. The horse had to move from one side of a test pen to the other during an auditory cue presentation to avoid aversive stimulation. A pen 8 mx3.6 m, divided into two equal sections by a 13-cm diameter plastic pipe lying on the ground, was used as the test pen. Painted plywood panels were fastened to the fence in half the pen to help horses distinguish visually between the two parts. A 10-s auditory cue was used as a signal for horses to move from one side of the test pen to the other. A 20-s intertrial interval was used. Training sessions were conducted every third day. Each trial was recorded as an avoidance (the horse completed the task during auditory cue presentation and avoided aversive stimulus) or an error (the horse received aversive stimulus). After completing ten consecutive avoidances (criterion), the horse was removed from the study. Numbers of training sessions, trials, avoidances and errors until reaching criterion were recorded for each horse. Horses varied greatly within these variables with ranges of 3-18 sessions, 37-121 trials, 20-68 avoidances and 17-53 errors to criterion. No differences were detected (P>0.05) in the number of conditioning trials per training session (treatment) for the mean number of trials, avoidances or errors to criterion. Number of training sessions to criterion differed (P<0.01) among treatments, indicating that an optimum number of learning trials per training session might exist. Mean sessions to criterion for horses receiving 5, 10, 15 and 20 trials per session were 15.1+/-1.3, 5.8+/-1.1, 5.3+/-1.1 and 4.6+/-1.1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that 16.2 trials per training session would minimize number of sessions to criterion. Although it is widely assumed that learning efficiency in horses is decreased when intense activity is concentrated into a small number of sessions, these results indicate that moderate repetition of training activities is needed for efficient learning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3686
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