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Author |
Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
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Title |
Why does culture increase human adaptability? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol. a. Sociob. |
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16 |
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2 |
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125-143 |
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Social learning; Adaptation; Culture; Sociobiology |
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It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4196 |
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Author |
de Vries, H. |
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Title |
An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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50 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1375-1389 |
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Appleby (1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 600-608) described a statistical test, based on the work of Kendall (1962, Rank Correlation Methods), for the significance of linearity in dominance hierarchies. He suggested that unknown relationships should be assigned the value 1/2 and that subsequently the same test procedure can be used. In this paper it is shown that incorrect results are obtained by this method whenever there are unknown relationships. Values of the linearity index are systematically too low. P-values can be too high (underestimating the significance) or too low (overestimating), and seem to differ by not much more than a factor two (respectively a half) from the correct P-value. An improved method is developed for testing linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that, if one admits the possibility of tied dominance relationships, which should indeed be assigned the value 1/2, Landau's linearity index is to be preferred to Kendall's index. A randomization test is developed for assessing the significance of linearity or non-linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown or tied relationships. The test statistic employed in this testing procedure is based on Landau's linearity index, but takes the unknown and tied relationships into account. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4284 |
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Author |
Kasuya,Eiiti |
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Title |
A randomization test for linearity of dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
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13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
137-140 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4288 |
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Miller, R.M. |
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How the dominance hierarchy is determined: The body language of the horse |
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1995 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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15 |
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12 |
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514-515 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4306 |
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Author |
Dey, S. |
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Title |
Trailer accidents |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
148-149 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4662 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
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Title |
Punishment in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
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Nature |
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Volume |
373 |
Issue |
6511 |
Pages |
209-216 |
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Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour. |
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10.1038/373209a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4838 |
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Author |
Prins, H.H. |
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Title |
Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making |
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Book Whole |
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1995 |
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What are the benefits that animals gain from living in a social group? This question has been the primary focus of the author's ecological interest. After many years of original and innovative research on the African buffalo, particularly at Lake Manyara in northern Tanzania, Herbert Prins has now summarized the results of much of this widely-respected work in this fascinating book. While advantages in reduction of the risks of predation or in increased efficiency of foraging on certain types of resources are now widely recognized, until now there has been less attention paid to the idea of the animals themselves as `information centres' and the extent to which the individual may be able to make use of information gathered by conspecifics, adjusting its own behaviour in response. Such a case-study has wide implications for research on social structure and organization in other species, and these are explored within the book. However, it is not a book aimed simply at the academic researcher, zoologist and behavioural ecologist; since it is written in a readable and accessible style, the book will also be enjoyed by wildlife enthusiasts, interested naturalists, wildlife biologists and wildlife managers. |
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Springer Netherland |
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978-0412725203 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5142 |
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Author |
Skandakumar, S.; Stodulski, G.; Hau, J. |
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Title |
Salivary IgA: a Possible Stress Marker In Dogs |
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Abstract |
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1995 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
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4 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
339-350 |
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Animal Welfare; Behaviour; Cortisol; Dog; Salivary Iga (S-Iga); Stress; Well-Being |
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Stress in humans has been reported to be associated with a decrease in the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels enabling the possible use of s-IgA to assess stress. Prolonged stress, if reliably assessed in a non-invasive manner, may be used to assess animal welfare. This study analysed groups of dogs undergoing physical and temperamental training and s-IgA levels were measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in prospective samples. Behavioural assessment was carried out and cortisol levels in saliva were measured by ELISA. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.007) between the logarithmic cortisol concentrations and s-IgA levels in saliva was recorded. The behavioural assessment of the dogs agreed well with the biochemical markers. It is concluded that IgA levels in saliva may be a useful marker of dog well-being and that stress results in decreased s-IgA levels. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5964 |
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Author |
Griebenow, K.; Klibanov, A.M. |
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Title |
Lyophilization-induced reversible changes in the secondary structure of proteins |
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1995 |
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
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92 |
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24 |
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10969-10976 |
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Changes in the secondary structure of some dozen different proteins upon lyophilization of their aqueous solutions have been investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the amide III band region. Dehydration markedly (but reversibly) alters the secondary structure of all the proteins studied, as revealed by both the quantitative analysis of the second derivative spectra and the Gaussian curve fitting of the original infrared spectra. Lyophilization substantially increases the beta-sheet content and lowers the alpha-helix content of all proteins. In all but one case, proteins become more ordered upon lyophilization. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6519 |
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Author |
Hoglund, J.; Alatalo, R.V.; Gibson, R.M.; Lundberg, A. |
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Title |
Mate-choice copying in black grouse |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
49 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1627-1633 |
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1817 |
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